Insights into Bacterial Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis, Functions, and Implications in Plant-Microbe Interactions.

Plant-microbe interactions play a crucial role in shaping plant health and survival. In recent years, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in mediating intercellular communication between plants and microbes has emerged as an intriguing area of research. EVs serve as important carriers of bioactive molecules and genetic information, facilitating communication between cells and even between different organisms.

Extraction and Purification of Outer Membrane Vesicles and Their Associated RNAs.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), produced by Gram negative-bacteria and sRNAs, are key players in cell-to-cell communication and interactions of bacteria with the environment. OMVs act as information carriers and encapsulate various molecules such as proteins, lipids, metabolites, and RNAs. OMVs and sRNAs play a broad range of functions from pathogenesis to stress resistance, to biofilm formation and both mediate interkingdom signaling.