Incidence of and risk factors for recurrent Clostridioidesdifficile infection in Japan using a claims database: A retrospective cohort study.

This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine the incidence rates of and risk factors for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) in Japan using a claims database. Inpatients of any age with ≥1 record of C. difficile infection (CDI) during the study period (January 2012-September 2016) were analyzed.

Comparison between rectus sheath block with 0.25% ropivacaine and local anesthetic infiltration with 0.5% ropivacaine for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in children.

This randomized, observer-blinded prospective study aimed to compare the postoperative analgesic effects of ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block with those of local anesthetic infiltration of the surgical field in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair. Children aged 2 to 14 years, scheduled for elective single-incision laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure, were randomly allocated to receive ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block (group R) or local anesthetic infiltration of the surgical field (group L). In group R, 0.

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical isolates of the anaerobic bacteria which can cause aspiration pneumonia.

Aspiration pneumonia is an infectious disease of the lungs caused by inhalation of saliva or foods, associated with swallowing dysfunction. Therefore, the major causative organisms are oral or gastric bacteria. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the anaerobic bacteria which can cause aspiration pneumonia, Fusobacterium spp.

Antifungal susceptibility trend and analysis of resistance mechanism for Candida species isolated from bloodstream at a Japanese university hospital.

We compared the susceptibility of six commercially available antifungal agents (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, and amphotericin B) against 133 Candida bloodstream isolates between 2008 and 2013 at Aichi Medical University Hospital. C. albicans was the most common isolate, followed by C.

Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of tedizolid versus linezolid in patients with skin and soft tissue infections in Japan - Results of a randomised, multicentre phase 3 study.

The objective of this open-label, randomised (i.e. 2:1 ratio), Phase 3 study was to compare the efficacy and safety of tedizolid phosphate 200 mg, once-daily treatment with that of linezolid 600 mg, twice-daily treatment for 7-14 days in Japanese adult patients (N = 125) with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and/or for 7-21 days for those with SSTI-related bacteraemia, caused by confirmed or highly suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Comprehensive understanding of health-seeking behaviour among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in China.

Setting: In China, there were 918 000 tuberculosis (TB) cases in 2015 alone. The primary challenge facing TB control is the allocation of limited health care resources.

Objective: To gain a comprehensive understanding of the first choice of health care facility among Chinese patients with suspected pulmonary TB (PTB) and the number of visits required to make the diagnosis.

Time-Lapse Tracking of Candida tropicalis Biofilm Formation and the Antifungal Efficacy of Liposomal Amphotericin B.

Candida species bloodstream infection, or candidemia, remains an important health issue with high morbidity and mortality. Bloodstream infections caused by Candida species are often associated with the ability of Candida to form biofilms on medical devices, such as central venous catheters. Non-albicans Candida species have been increasing gradually in clinical settings.

Impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on serotype distribution of adult non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Tokai region, Japan, 2008-2016.

The introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in February 2010 markedly reduced the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease and changed serotype distribution in Japan. In November 2013, PCV7 was replaced by the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). We investigated the serotype distribution and susceptibility trends of non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected from adult patients.

Optimal Treatment for Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Combined Therapy With Metronidazole.

 Carbapenem-resistant has increased dramatically in the last decade, resulting in infections that are difficult to treat and associated with high mortality rates. To prevent further antibacterial resistance, it is necessary to use carbapenem selectively. A combination of metronidazole with an antimicrobial agent active against aerobes is an alternative effective treatment for patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs).

Prevalence and risk factors of infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

Objective: To study the clinical characteristics and associated risk factors of infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

Methods: A case-control study at a large university hospital in Japan, comparing patients who were infected or colonized with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (n = 212) and non-ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (n = 2089) in 2010-2013. Data were collected from medical charts, retrospectively.

Clinical characteristics associated with mortality of patients with anaerobic bacteremia.

The presence of anaerobes in the blood stream is known to be associated with a higher rate of mortality. However, few prognostic risk factor analyses examining whether a patient's background characteristics are associated with the prognosis have been reported. We performed a retrospective case-controlled study to assess the prognostic factors associated with death from anaerobic bacteremia.

Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species isolated from the patients with vaginal candidiasis.

There have been the current Japanese data on susceptibility testing for Candida isolates from vaginal candidiasis. The in vitro activities of therapeutic antifungal drugs for vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC); miconazole (MCZ), itraconazole (ITCZ), fluconazole (FLCZ), clotrimazole (CTZ), oxiconazole (OCZ), isoconazole (ICZ) and bifonazole (BFZ) against vaginal isolates. Fifty-four strains Candida albicans and 19 strains of Candida glabrata were evaluated using a broth microdilution method specified by Clinical Laboratories Standard Institute (CLSI) document M27-A3.

Characterization of Piperacillin/Tazobactam-Resistant Klebsiella oxytoca Recovered from a Nosocomial Outbreak.

We characterized 12 clinical isolates of Klebsiella oxytoca with the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype (high minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] values of ceftriaxone) recovered over 9 months at a university hospital in Japan. To determine the clonality of the isolates, we used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and PCR analyses to detect blaRBI, which encodes the β-lactamase RbiA, OXY-2-4 with overproduce-type promoter. Moreover, we performed the isoelectric focusing (IEF) of β-lactamases, and the determination of the MICs of β-lactams including piperacillin/tazobactam for 12 clinical isolates and E.

In vitro efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B, micafungin and fluconazole against non-albicans Candida species biofilms.

Non-albicans Candida species are being isolated with increasing frequency. In this study, biofilm formation by Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata was evaluated and the activities of liposomal amphotericin B (LAB), micafungin (MFG) and fluconazole (FLC) against these biofilms were assessed using a clinically relevant in vitro model system. LAB exhibited strong activities against the three non-albicans Candida species and showed dose-dependent efficacy.

Efficacy and safety of a single oral 150 mg dose of fluconazole for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in Japan.

Unlabelled: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is the second most common cause of vaginal infections following bacterial vaginosis. For the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis, antifungal agents are used either as topical (vaginal tablets and cream) or oral formulations. A single oral 150 mg dose of fluconazole has been recommended as the standard therapy for uncomplicated, acute vulvovaginal candidiasis in global guidelines; however, in Japan oral fluconazole therapy has not been approved.

Efficacy and safety of metronidazole injection for the treatment of infectious peritonitis, abdominal abscess and pelvic inflammatory diseases in Japan.

Although metronidazole (MNZ) has been used worldwide for more than 4 decades as a standard therapy for trichomoniasis, anaerobic and amebic infections, resistance to MNZ is still low. MNZ is available as oral, intravenous, and vaginal formulations, but the intravenous formulation of MNZ has not been approved in Japan. We conducted a phase 3 study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous MNZ combined with ceftriaxone (CTRX) in Japanese subjects with infectious peritonitis, abdominal abscess or pelvic inflammatory diseases (PIDs) to obtain regulatory approval.

Characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli from Tokai, Japan.

The spread of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants was evaluated in 150 ceftazidime or cefotaxime-resistant clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli from Tokai, Japan between 2008 and 2011. In this study, qnrB, qnrS, and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes were detected in 12 (50.0%), 4 (16.

Are strict isolation policies based on susceptibility testing actually effective in the prevention of the nosocomial spread of multi-drug-resistant gram-negative rods?

Background: The emergence of multi-drug-resistant gram-negative rods (MDR-GNRs) has become a worldwide problem. To limit the emergence of MDR-GNRs, a tertiary care cancer center in Japan implemented a policy that requires the pre-emptive isolation of patients with organisms that have the potential to be MDR-GNRs.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed.

Azithromycin inhibits MUC5AC induction via multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in human airway epithelial cells.

Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the main pathogens that cause ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Hypersecretion of mucin in the airway is associated with the onset of VAP. Furthermore, macrolides are known to accelerate the resolution of VAP.

Open-label study to evaluate the pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and safety of meropenem for adult bacterial meningitis in Japan.

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy, safety, and concentration of meropenem in cerebrospinal fluid when meropenem (2 g every 8 h) was administered to Japanese adult patients with bacterial meningitis. Five Japanese patients (mean age 60.6 years [range 35-71]) were enrolled.