Our Current Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A-Now 20 Years Old.

The DRI values for vitamin A were last reviewed and defined in 2001. At the time, there was very sparse data that could be used to set the DRI values for pregnancy, lactation, and infancy. In the subsequent 20 y since the last formal review, a number of findings relevant to the adequacy indicator of visual dark adaptation in pregnancy, the usual vitamin A content of breast milk across lactation stages, and vitamin A metabolism in women and children have been published.

Can Children Catch up from the Consequences of Undernourishment? Evidence from Child Linear Growth, Developmental Epigenetics, and Brain and Neurocognitive Development.

Recovery from nutritionally induced height deficits continues to garner attention. The current literature on catch-up growth, however, has 2 important limitations: wide-ranging definitions of catch-up growth are used, and it remains unclear whether children can recover from the broader consequences of undernutrition. We addressed these shortcomings by reviewing the literature on the criteria for catch-up in linear growth and on the potential to recover from undernutrition early in life in 3 domains: linear growth, developmental epigenetics, and child brain and neurocognitive development.

Associations of Abdominal Pain and Psychosocial Distress Measures With Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Pediatric Healthy Controls and Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Background: Children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have lower health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) than healthy controls (HC). Abdominal pain and psychosocial distress are negatively associated with HRQOL, although their relative effect is unclear.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the relative associations of abdominal pain and psychosocial distress with HRQOL in HC and IBS.

Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of Lower LDL Cholesterol and Increased Type 2 Diabetes Risk in the UK Biobank.

Although hyperlipidemia is traditionally considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D), evidence has emerged from statin trials and candidate gene investigations suggesting that lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) increases T2D risk. We thus sought to more comprehensively examine the phenotypic and genotypic relationships of LDL-C with T2D. Using data from the UK Biobank, we found that levels of circulating LDL-C were negatively associated with T2D prevalence (odds ratio 0.

Energy Requirement Is Higher During Weight-Loss Maintenance in Adults Consuming a Low- Compared with High-Carbohydrate Diet.

Background: Longer-term feeding studies suggest that a low-carbohydrate diet increases energy expenditure, consistent with the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity. However, the validity of methodology utilized in these studies, involving doubly labeled water (DLW), has been questioned.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary energy requirement for weight-loss maintenance is higher on a low- compared with high-carbohydrate diet.

Fat and fat-free mass index references in children and young adults: assessments along racial and ethnic lines.

Background: Fat-free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) are superior to BMI and fat percentage in evaluating nutritional status. However, existing references fail to account for racial/ethnic differences in body composition among children.

Objectives: Our goal was to produce age-based normative references for FFMI and FMI in children for specific racial/ethnic groups.

Parenteral lipids shape gut bile acid pools and microbiota profiles in the prevention of cholestasis in preterm pigs.

Multi-component lipid emulsions, rather than soy-oil emulsions, prevent cholestasis by an unknown mechanism. Here, we quantified liver function, bile acid pools, and gut microbial and metabolite profiles in premature parenterally fed pigs given a soy-oil lipid emulsion, Intralipid (IL), a multi component lipid emulsion, SMOFlipid (SMOF), a novel emulsion with a modified fatty-acid composition [experimental emulsion (EXP)], or a control enteral diet (ENT) for 22 days. We assayed serum cholestasis markers, measured total bile acid levels in plasma, liver, and gut contents, and analyzed colonic bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences and metabolomic profiles.

The effect of legume supplementation on the gut microbiota in rural Malawian infants aged 6 to 12 months.

Background: Common bean and cowpea contain about 25% protein and 25% fiber, and are recommended as complementary foods in sub-Saharan Africa.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if a daily legume supplement given to Malawian infants aged 6 to 12 mo alters the 16S configuration of the fecal microbiota as read out by amplicon sequence variants (ASVs).

Methods: This study was conducted within the context of a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial to assess whether cowpea or common bean supplementation reduced intestinal permeability or increased linear growth.

Differential regulation of mTORC1 activation by leucine and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs.

Leucine (Leu) and its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) stimulate mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1)-dependent protein synthesis in the skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. This study aimed to determine whether HMB and Leu utilize common nutrient-sensing mechanisms to activate mTORC1. In , neonatal pigs were fed one of five diets for 24 h: low protein (LP), high protein (HP), or LP supplemented with 4 (LP+HMB4), 40 (LP+HMB40), or 80 (LP+HMB80) μmol HMB·kg body wt·day.

Short-Term Effects of an Obesity Prevention Program Among Low-Income Hispanic Families With Preschoolers.

Objective: To assess the short-term effects of an obesity prevention program promoting eating self-regulation and healthy food preferences in low-income Hispanic children.

Design: Randomized controlled trial with pretest, posttest, and 6- and 12-month assessments.

Setting And Participants: Head Start and similar early learning institutions in Houston, TX, and Pasco, WA.

Developmental changes in the utilization of citrulline by neonatal pigs.

Developmental changes in the renal expression and activity of argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1) and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), enzymes that use citrulline for the production of arginine, have been reported. Thus, the ability of neonates, and especially premature neonates, to produce arginine may be compromised. To determine the utilization of citrulline in vivo, we measured renal expression of and and conducted citrulline compartmental and noncompartmental kinetics using [N]citrulline in pigs of five different ages (from 10 days preterm to 5 wk of age).

Using Relational Agents to Promote Family Communication Around Type 1 Diabetes Self-Management in the Diabetes Family Teamwork Online Intervention: Longitudinal Pilot Study.

Background: Family conflict can reduce adolescent adherence to type 1 diabetes management tasks. The Family Teamwork in-person intervention was shown to be efficacious in reducing conflict and low adherence to diabetes-related tasks. Its reach and potential impact, however, were limited by the need to deliver the intervention sessions in person.

Leucine Supplementation Does Not Restore Diminished Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell Abundance and Myonuclear Accretion When Protein Intake Is Limiting in Neonatal Pigs.

Background: Rapid growth of skeletal muscle in the neonate requires the coordination of protein deposition and myonuclear accretion. During this developmental stage, muscle protein synthesis is highly sensitive to amino acid supply, especially Leu, but we do not know if this is true for satellite cells, the source of muscle fiber myonuclei.

Objective: We examined whether dietary protein restriction reduces myonuclear accretion in the neonatal pig, and if any reduction in myonuclear accretion is mitigated by restoring Leu intake.

Targeted metabolomics analysis of maternal-placental-fetal metabolism in pregnant swine reveals links in fetal bile acid homeostasis and sulfation capacity.

Cholestasis of pregnancy endangers fetal and neonatal survival, yet systematic knowledge of the cause and effect of disrupted bile acid (BA) homeostasis in pregnancy is limited. Here we show that gestation stage-associated BA dysregulation in swine correlated with fetal death resulting from compromised capacity for BA secretion and increased alternative systemic efflux. The balance of BA input and output in the developing uterus suggested little uptake and metabolism of maternal BA by the placenta-fetus unit, implying a protection role of placenta in preventing maternal BA transported into the fetus.

Complementary feeding and developmental milestones: a systematic review.

Background: Systematic reviews were conducted as part of the USDA and the US Department of Health and Human Services Pregnancy and Birth to 24 Months Project to examine the relation between complementary feeding and developmental milestones.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe systematic reviews examining the relationship between timing of introduction of complementary foods and beverages (CFB), and the types and amounts of CFB consumed, and developmental milestones.

Methods: The literature was searched using 4 databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and CINAHL) to identify articles that met predetermined criteria for inclusion.

Types and amounts of complementary foods and beverages consumed and growth, size, and body composition: a systematic review.

Background: Systematic reviews (SRs) were conducted by the Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review (NESR) team for the USDA's and the Department of Health and Human Services' Pregnancy and Birth to 24 Months Project.

Objectives: The aim was to describe the SRs examining the relationship between types and amounts of complementary foods and beverages (CFBs) and growth, size, and body-composition outcomes.

Methods: The NESR team collaborated with subject matter experts to conduct this SR.

Complementary feeding and food allergy, atopic dermatitis/eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis: a systematic review.

Background: Nutrition during infancy and toddlerhood may influence health and disease prevention across the life span. Complementary feeding (CF) starts when human milk or infant formula is complemented by other foods and beverages, beginning during infancy and continuing to age 24 mo.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe systematic reviews conducted for the USDA and the Department of Health and Human Services Pregnancy and Birth to 24 Months Project to answer the following question: What is the relationship between the timing of the introduction of complementary foods and beverages (CFBs), or types and amounts of CFBs consumed, and the development of food allergy, atopic dermatitis/eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis?

Methods: The literature was searched using 4 databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, PubMed) to identify articles published from January 1980 to February 2017 that met predetermined inclusion criteria.

Timing of introduction of complementary foods and beverages and growth, size, and body composition: a systematic review.

Background: The systematic review described in this article was conducted as part of the USDA and Department of Health and Human Services Pregnancy and Birth to 24 Months Project.

Objectives: The aim was to describe the relationship between timing of introduction of complementary foods and beverages (CFBs) and growth, size, and body-composition outcomes across the life span.

Methods: The literature was searched and selected using predetermined criteria.

Associations of circulating very-long-chain saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Background: Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) of different chain lengths have unique metabolic and biological effects, and a small number of recent studies suggest that higher circulating concentrations of the very-long-chain SFAs (VLSFAs) arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0) are associated with a lower risk of diabetes. Confirmation of these findings in a large and diverse population is needed.

Objective: We investigated the associations of circulating VLSFAs 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 with incident type 2 diabetes in prospective studies.

Indirect Effects of Food Insecurity on Body Mass Index Through Feeding Style and Dietary Quality Among Low-Income Hispanic Preschoolers.

Objective: To investigate whether food insecurity affects child body mass index (BMI) through parental feeding demandingness and/or responsiveness and dietary quality 18 months later among low-income Hispanic preschoolers.

Design: Secondary analysis of data at baseline and 18 months afterward.

Setting: Houston, TX.

Protein-quality evaluation of complementary foods in Indian children.

Background: The types of food in complementary feeding of infants and young children are important for growth and development. Food protein quality, as measured by the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS), requires the determination of true ileal digestibility of indispensable amino acids (IAAs) in children.

Objectives: First, the aim of this study was to measure the true ileal IAA digestibility of 4 (rice, finger millet, mung bean, and hen egg) commonly consumed complementary foods in children aged <2 y using the dual-isotope tracer method.

Differential action of TGR5 agonists on GLP-2 secretion and promotion of intestinal adaptation in a piglet short bowel model.

Enteroendocrine L cells and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) secretion are activated in the intestinal adaptation process following bowel resection in patients with short bowel syndrome. We hypothesized that enteral activation of Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), expressed in enteroendocrine L cells, could augment endogenous GLP-2 secretion and the intestinal adaptation response. Our aim was to assess the efficacy of different TGR5 agonists to stimulate GLP-2 secretion and intestinal adaptation in a piglet short-bowel model.

Nurturing Children's Healthy Eating: Position statement.

The relationship between eating a healthy diet and positive health outcomes is well known; nurturing healthy eating among children therefore has the potential to improve public health. A healthy diet occurs when one's usual eating patterns include adequate nutrient intake and sufficient, but not excessive, energy intake to meet the energy needs of the individual. However, many parents struggle to establish healthy eating patterns in their children due to the pressures of modern life.

Complementary feeding and bone health: a systematic review.

Background: Proper nutrition during infancy and toddlerhood is crucial for supporting healthy growth and development, including bone health. Complementary feeding is the process that starts when human milk or infant formula is complemented by other foods and beverages, beginning during late infancy and continuing to 24 mo of age.

Objectives: This article aims to describe systematic reviews (SRs) conducted by the Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review team for the USDA and the Department of Health and Human Services Pregnancy and Birth to 24 Months Project to answer these questions: what is the relationship between 1) timing of introduction of complementary foods and beverages (CFBs) or 2) types and/or amounts of CFBs consumed and bone health? Methods: The literature was searched with the use of 4 databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, and PubMed) to identify articles published from January 1980 to July 2016 that addressed these topics and met predetermined criteria for inclusion.