[COVID-19 vaccine safety: results of active surveillance at a sentinel site in ArgentinaSegurança das vacinas contra COVID-19: resultados da vigilância ativa em uma unidade sentinela da Argentina].

Objective: To analyze the results of surveillance of adverse events of special interest (AESI) within the context of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign at a sentinel site in Argentina. The retrospective (pre-vaccination) period was compared with the prospective (vaccination) period to identify safety signals.

Methods: Retrospective and prospective search for AESI based on ICD-10 hospital discharge codes.

A unique case report revealing the elusive clinical phenomenon of meningitis retention syndrome.

Meningitis retention syndrome (MRS) represents a rare condition in which there is meningitis accompanied by urinary retention in the absence of any other neurological symptoms. MRS is usually misdiagnosed as a urinary tract infection due to varied clinical symptoms. It is a self-limiting syndrome that often presents with prodromal symptoms of meningitis.

A Case of Acute Necrotic Encephalopathy Associated with Influenza A Virus in Adults.

Background: Acute necrotizing encephalopathy is a rare acute, explosive, and severe form of encephalopathy that predominantly occurs in children; however, it is infrequent in adults. The patient is typically caused by viral infection, with rapid onset of fever, convulsion, disturbance of consciousness, and other symptoms. It presents symmetrical, multifocal, involving bilateral thalamic damage and other typical imaging features.

Management and outcomes of pediatric optic neuritis in a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study.

Background: Although pediatric optic neuritis (PON) is a rare condition, current advancements in its diagnosis, investigation, and treatment suggest that a more precise risk assessment is necessary given the history of irreversible damage and functional degeneration of the optic nerve. Additionally, after further investigations and/or new neurological events, the initial diagnosis is revised.

Aim: To report clinical profile, management and outcome of different demyelinating disease phenotypes of pediatric optic neuritis (PON) in individuals under the age of 18 years in a tertiary center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).

[Report of 3 cases of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis in Mexico].

Background: Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) or Weston-Hurst syndrome is a rare and severe variant of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). It causes fulminant hemorrhagic demyelination of the central nervous system, and has high mortality and morbidity. Due to the increase in cases and to its high rate of mortality, we decided to make a series of cases and a review of the disease.

Clinical characteristics of pediatric and adult myelin oligodendrocyte antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): A single-center study in the Northeast.

Background: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an immune-mediated, inflammatory, demyelinating disorder with a range of clinical presentations including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), optic neuritis (ON), myelitis, and cerebral cortical encephalitis. Phenotypic expression of MOGAD varies with age. MOG antibody (MOG-Ab) titers at disease onset, as well as longitudinally, may predict clinical disease course.

Characteristics and predictors of disease course in children initially presenting with ADEM.

ADEM is an inflammatory disease, with new onset polyfocal neurologic symptoms, encephalopathy and multifocal demyelination, typically in childhood. Initial diagnosis of ADEM is challenging and up to 20 % of children with MS or NMOSD are initially diagnosed with ADEM. We describe characteristics of patients with monophasic ADEM vs.

Multiphasic Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis with a Temporal Gap of 26 Years: A Case Report with Novel Presentation.

Introduction: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an acute autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that typically follows an acute viral infection or post-vaccination. It is more common in children than in adults and is characterized by widespread demyelination of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. ADEM typically presents as a monophasic illness.

Overview of emerging therapies for demyelinating diseases.

This paper provides an overview of autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system, specifically those caused by demyelination. We explore new research regarding potential therapeutic interventions, particularly those aimed at inducing remyelination. Remyelination is a detailed process, involving many cell types-oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), astrocytes, and microglia-and both the innate and adaptive immune systems.

Causal relationship between circulating inflammatory proteins and risk of different types of encephalitis: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Cytokines are potent molecules of the immune response. They act at the site of inflammation and circulate in the bloodstream. However, there are few studies on encephalitis and circulating inflammatory proteins.

Dengue-Associated Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy Is an Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy Variant Rather than a Mimic: Evidence From a Systematic Review.

Background: Bilateral hemorrhagic thalamic lesions in dengue encephalitis resemble lesions seen in acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE). We investigate whether dengue-associated ANE (DANE) should be considered an ANE variant or a mimic.

Methods: Systematic review of dengue encephalitis literature from PubMed and SCOPUS (inception to December 31, 2022).

A Case of Catatonia in a 37-Month-Old Child With MOG-Antibody-Positive Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis.

In this Letter to the Editor, we examine a case of catatonia in a 37-month-old child with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-positive acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). To our knowledge, this is one of the youngest cases of non-drug-related catatonia reported in the literature. We will discuss how this patient's symptoms of catatonia responded to pharmacologic interventions and the need to screen young children for catatonic symptoms, given the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with the condition.

Cognitive and academic outcomes in children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease.

Aim: To describe the impact of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) on academic and cognitive outcomes.

Method: This was an observational, retrospective, and descriptive single-centre study, carried out on a paediatric case series of children with MOGAD.

Results: A total of 51 patients were included (22 females); their median age was 8 years and the median follow-up duration was 31.