Evaluating multiannual sedimentary nutrient retention in agricultural two-stage channels.

The two-stage channel (TSC) design with a vegetated man-made floodplain has been recommended as an alternative to conventional re-dredging for managing suspended sediment (SS) and nutrient loads in agricultural streams. However, there are currently uncertainties surrounding the efficiency of TSCs, since mass balances covering the whole annual hydrograph and including different periods of the channel life cycle are lacking. This paper aims to improve understanding of the medium-term morphological development and sedimentary nutrient retention when a dredged, trapezoidal-shaped channel is converted into a TSC, using a mass balance estimate of nutrient and carbon retention from immediately after excavation until the establishment of approximate biogeochemical equilibrium retention.

Remote sensing and spectroscopy of lichens.

Lichens are combinations of two symbiotic organisms, a green alga or cyanobacterium and a fungus. They grow in nearly all terrestrial ecosystems and survive in habitats, which are very dry or cold, or too poor in nutrients to maintain vegetation growth. Because lichens grow on visible surfaces and exhibit spectral properties, which are clearly different from, for example, vegetation, it is possible to distinguish them in remote sensing data.

Microstructure and Properties of Additively Manufactured AlCoCrCuFeNi Multicomponent Alloy: Controlling Magnetic Properties by Laser Powder Bed Fusion via Spinodal Decomposition.

A non-equiatomic AlCoCrCuFeNi alloy has been identified as a potential high strength alloy, whose microstructure and consequently properties can be widely varied. In this research, the phase structure, hardness, and magnetic properties of AlCoCrCuFeNi alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) are investigated. The results demonstrate that laser power, scanning speed, and volumetric energy density (VED) contribute to different aspects in the formation of microstructure thus introducing alterations in the properties.

Experimental dataset for the macro-scale compression of Norway Spruce perpendicular to grain direction.

This article presents load and displacement data of quasi-static compression test as well as video recordings of the experiment using the (UTM). The specimens are 4 cm × 4 cm × 8 cm clear-wood cuboids with grain direction perpendicular to and loading direction parallel to the long axis. Due to the radially-arranged annual ring at such scale of the specimens, the plane of interest features significantly-varying orientation of the weak axes, namely the (R) and (T) directions.

Friction RandomPOD-A new method for friction measurement in noncyclic, multidirectional, dynamic pin-on-disk tests for orthopaedic bearing materials.

The 16-station, computer-controlled RandomPOD wear test device was re-designed into a friction measurement device, Friction RandomPOD. The motion was implemented by a servo-electric x-y-stage and the load was proportional-pneumatic. The direction of sliding, velocity (v), acceleration, and the magnitude of the load (L) varied randomly and continuously.

Acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) data on flow-vegetation interaction with natural-like and rigid model plants in hydraulic flumes.

Vegetation, generally present along river margins and floodplains, governs key hydrodynamic processes in riverine systems. Despite the flow-influencing mechanisms exhibited by natural vegetation and driven by its complex morphology and flexibility, vegetation has been conventionally simulated by using rigid cylinders. This article presents a dataset obtained from hydraulic experiments performed for investigating the flow-vegetation interaction in partly vegetated channels.

Effect of random variation of input and various daily activities on wear in a hip joint simulator.

The ISO 14242-1 standard specifies fixed, simplified, sinusoidal motion and double-peak load cycles for wear testing of total hip prostheses. In order to make the wear simulation more realistic, random variation was added for the first time to the motion and load control signals of a hip joint simulator. For this purpose and for the simulation of various daily activities, computer-controlled, servo-electric drives were mounted on a biaxial hip simulator frame and successfully introduced.

IoT connected device for vibration analysis and measurement.

Accelerometers are widely used in applications, such as condition measurement, motion tracking, and vehicle monitoring. Most handheld smart devices, such as smart phones and tablets, employ accelerometers for motion tracking. The size constraints of such devices has provided the impetus to develop precise, affordable, compact, and power-efficient accelerometers.

Humans use Optokinetic Eye Movements to Track Waypoints for Steering.

It is well-established how visual stimuli and self-motion in laboratory conditions reliably elicit retinal-image-stabilizing compensatory eye movements (CEM). Their organization and roles in natural-task gaze strategies is much less understood: are CEM applied in active sampling of visual information in human locomotion in the wild? If so, how? And what are the implications for guidance? Here, we directly compare gaze behavior in the real world (driving a car) and a fixed base simulation steering task. A strong and quantifiable correspondence between self-rotation and CEM counter-rotation is found across a range of speeds.

Effect of inward-outward rotation on hip wear simulation.

The ISO 14242-1 standard specifies a three-axis motion for the wear testing of prosthetic hips. Multidirectionality of the relative motion and serum-based lubrication are known to be necessary for the reproduction of clinical wear mechanisms. For multidirectionality however, biaxial motion has been shown to be sufficient.

Author Correction: Shape fidelity and structure of 3D printed high consistency nanocellulose.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Effect of type of contact, counterface surface roughness, and contact area on the wear and friction of extensively cross-linked, vitamin E stabilized UHMWPE.

Novel extensively cross-linked, vitamin E stabilized polyethylene (VEXLPE) materials are expected to provide improved wear and oxidation resistance in orthopedic implants. Noncyclic, multidirectional pin-on-disk (POD) wear tests were performed for VEXLPE with flat-on-flat (FoF) and ball-on-flat (BoF) specimen configurations against CoCr counterfaces of varying surface roughness (S = 0.02-0.

Spinning Approach for Cellulose Fiber Yarn Using a Deep Eutectic Solvent and an Inclined Channel.

We developed a spinning approach for a dope produced by treating softwood pulp with a deep eutectic solvent (DES). The DES enables formation of a sufficiently viscous spinnable gel-like suspension of fibers, which solidifies upon the removal of the DES. This solidification, however, requires a longer time compared to most conventional wet spinning processes.

Shape fidelity and structure of 3D printed high consistency nanocellulose.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the additive manufacturing process for high consistency nanocellulose. Unlike thermoformable plastics, wood derived nanocelluloses are typically processed as aqueous dispersions because they are not melt-processable on their own. The ability to use nanocellulose directly in additive manufacturing broadens the possibilities regarding usable raw materials and achievable properties thereof.

Effect of wear, acetabular cup inclination angle, load and serum degradation on the friction of a large diameter metal-on-metal hip prosthesis.

Background: The large-scale clinical problem caused by unacceptable tribological behaviour of certain large diameter metal-on-metal prosthetic hips has directed attention to adverse condition testing. High metal-on-metal wear is connected with adverse reaction to metal debris. Friction is important because high friction may be associated with high wear, risk the fixation of the cup, and cause detrimental heating of periprosthetic tissues.

Full-field Strain Measurements for Microstructurally Small Fatigue Crack Propagation Using Digital Image Correlation Method.

A novel measurement approach is used to reveal the cumulative deformation field at a sub-grain level and to study the influence of microstructure on the growth of microstructurally small fatigue cracks. The proposed strain field analysis methodology is based on the use of a unique pattering technique with a characteristic speckle size of approximately 10 µm. The developed methodology is applied to study the small fatigue crack behavior in body centered cubic (bcc) Fe-Cr ferritic stainless steel with a relatively large grain size allowing a high spatial measurement accuracy at the sub-grain level.

Assessment of stormwater pollutant loads and source area contributions with storm water management model (SWMM).

Decentralized urban runoff management requires detailed information about pollutant sources and pathways. However, scarce data of local water quality compel simplified approaches in water quality modelling. This study investigated the use of constant source concentrations in modelling pollutant loads.

Hydrogen-Induced Delayed Cracking in TRIP-Aided Lean-Alloyed Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steels.

Susceptibility of three lean-alloyed ferritic-austenitic stainless steels to hydrogen-induced delayed cracking was examined, concentrating on internal hydrogen contained in the materials after production operations. The aim was to study the role of strain-induced austenite to martensite transformation in the delayed cracking susceptibility. According to the conducted deep drawing tests and constant load tensile testing, the studied materials seem not to be particularly susceptible to delayed cracking.

Restoration of nutrient-rich forestry-drained peatlands poses a risk for high exports of dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Restoration impact of forestry-drained peatlands on runoff water quality and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nutrient export was studied. Eight catchments were included: three mesotrophic (one undrained control, two treatments), two ombrotrophic (one drained control, one treatment) and three oligotrophic catchments (one undrained control, two treatments). Three calibration years and four post-restoration years were included in the data from seven catchments, for which runoff was recorded.

Assessment of LID practices for restoring pre-development runoff regime in an urbanized catchment in southern Finland.

This study quantifies the effects of common stormwater management techniques on urban runoff generation. Simulated flow rates for different low impact development (LID) scenarios were compared with observed flow rates during different urban construction phases in a catchment (12.3 ha) that was developed from natural forest to a residential area over a monitoring period of 5 years.

Hourly test reference weather data in the changing climate of Finland for building energy simulations.

Dynamic building energy simulations need hourly weather data as input. The same high temporal resolution is required for assessments of future heating and cooling energy demand. The data presented in this article concern current typical values and estimated future changes in outdoor air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and global, diffuse and normal solar radiation components.

New Energy Efficient Housing Has Reduced Carbon Footprints in Outer but Not in Inner Urban Areas.

Avoiding urban sprawl and increasing density are often considered as effective means to mitigate climate change through urban planning. However, there have been rapid technological changes in the fields of housing energy and private driving, and the development is continuing. In this study, we analyze the carbon footprints of the residents living in new housing in different urban forms in Finland.

In vitro wear simulation on the RandomPOD wear testing system as a screening method for bearing materials intended for total knee arthroplasty.

The 16-station RandomPOD wear test system, previously validated for prosthetic hip wear, was used in the simulation of knee wear mechanisms with a ball-on-flat test configuration. This consisted of a CoCr pin with a ground and polished spherical bearing surface (radius 28 mm) against a conventional, gamma-sterilized UHMWPE disk in serum lubrication. The biaxial motion, consisting of x and y translations, and the load was non-cyclic.

Collective dynamics of pedestrians interacting with attractions.

In order to investigate collective effects of interactions between pedestrians and attractions, this study extends the social force model. Such interactions lead pedestrians to form stable clusters around attractions, or even to rush into attractions if the interaction becomes stronger. It is also found that for high pedestrian density and intermediate interaction strength, some pedestrians rush into attractions while others move to neighboring attractions.