Recent neo-X and Y sex chromosomes in an ant cricket.

In eukaryotes with separate sexes, sex determination often involves sex chromosomes which have diverged as a consequence of recombination suppression. In species with old heteromorphic sex chromosomes, the non-recombining Y(-W) chromosome is typically highly degraded and has lost most of its genes. However, the dynamics of how and how quickly this degradation occurs remain largely unknown because species with young sex chromosomes, characterised by recent recombination suppression, are understudied.

Global Temporal Trends in Mother-to-Child Transmission Disease Incidence Among Women of Child-Bearing Age: An Analysis of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Data.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), syphilis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C are the four major Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) diseases, represent a significant public health challenge worldwide. Understanding the disease burden among women of child-bearing age (WCBA) helps to implement effective screening and treatment programs to control the MTCT diseases globally. Data on HIV/AIDS, syphilis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C was collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database spanning 1992-2021.

A History of Primatology in Canada and an Introduction to the Special Issue.

Primatological research by anthropologists and evolutionary biologists based in Canada has expanded greatly since its inception ca. 60 years ago. The research foci of the founding primatologists were based on the study of social behaviors to understand human behavior.

Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy: A Case Report.

Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies (CSEP) are a rare type of ectopic pregnancy. This condition occurs when a blastocyst is implanted in the scar left by a previous cesarean section (C-section). CSEP can lead to a risk of maternal hemorrhage, which in severe cases can lead to maternal mortality.

Trajectories of blood-based protein biomarkers in chronic traumatic brain injury.

Blood-based protein biomarkers may provide important insights into the long-term neuropathology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This is urgently required to identify mechanistic processes underlying post-traumatic neurodegeneration (PTND); a progressive post-recovery clinical decline experienced by a portion of TBI survivors. The aim of this study was to examine change over time in protein levels in a chronic TBI cohort.

Gut microbiota-derived imidazole propionate: an emerging target for the prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic diseases.

Despite significant advancements in prevention and treatment, cardiometabolic diseases continue to pose a high burden of incidence and mortality. The chronic progression of these diseases necessitates the identification of early and complementary therapeutic targets to elucidate and mitigate residual risks in patient care. The gut microbiota acts as a sentinel between internal and external environments, transmitting modified risks associated with these factors to the host.

Revisiting Phryma leptostachya L.: phylogenetic relationships and biogeographical patterns from complete plastome.

Background: Phryma leptostachya L. is a notable example of a species with a disjunct distribution, found in both East Asia and Eastern North America. Despite the striking morphological similarities between these geographically isolated populations, molecular evidence suggests that they may have diverged sufficiently to be considered distinct taxa.

Risk factors for barbering in laboratory mice.

Barbering is a common abnormal behavior in laboratory mice, where mice pluck their own fur and/or the fur or whiskers of their cage mates. Barbering mice are a concern for welfare and research quality, as well as serving as a spontaneous model of trichotillomania (a hair-pulling disorder in humans). Causes and prevention of barbering are poorly understood, although there is evidence that both biological and environmental factors play a role in its prevalence.

Real time NL UPD estimation method based on a sliding time window.

In the precise point positioning-ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) method, the wide-lane (WL) and narrow-lane (NL) uncalibrated phase delays (UPDs) are instrumental in resolving the WL and NL ambiguities, respectively, ultimately achieving PPP-AR. In the traditional UPD estimation algorithms, the ionosphere-free (IF) ambiguity is typically employed for estimating NL ambiguities and isolating NL UPDs. However, in the PPP algorithm, IF ambiguities are treated as constant parameters, which necessitates the separation of time-varying UPD products from these constants.

Origin and evolution of the North Atlantic Oscillation.

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the dominant mode of atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic region, plays a crucial role in weather and climate. Here, to investigate when the NAO emerged and how it evolved over geological timescales, we analyzed time-slice paleoclimate simulations during the breakup of the supercontinent Pangea, starting 160 million years ago (Ma). Our findings indicate that a present-day-like NAO mode gradually formed between 80 Ma and 60 Ma, driven by the expansion of the North Atlantic Ocean and the enhanced land-ocean contrast.

[Cardiac transplantation for recurrent cardiogenic shock following cardiac surgery: a case report].

Heart failure and cardiogenic shock occurred again on the patient who undergone coronary artery bypass grafting, mechanical mitral valve replacement, and tricuspid valve repair surgery for coronary heart disease, mitral regurgitation, and tricuspid valve regurgitation 2 months ago. His heart function could not recover after Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP) supported for 1 month, and then Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VA-ECMO) was applied. During the VA-ECMO assisted procedure, complex coagulation dysfunction was present, bleeding and thrombosis was coexisting.

Hyperglycemic crises in adults: A look at the 2024 consensus report.

Hospital admissions for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS), the most severe hyperglycemic emergencies in patients with diabetes, have increased considerably over the past decade. The previous version of the American Diabetes Association's consensus report on the diagnosis and treatment of DKA and HHS was published 15 years ago. The updated consensus report (June 2024) introduces revised criteria for the diagnosis and resolution of DKA and HHS, as well as new recommendations for assessment, management, and prevention.

Clinical outcomes of patients undergoing hemodialysis with cool versus standard dialysate: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Unlabelled: Rationale & Objective: Clinical practice guidelines recommend lower (35.0°C-35.5°C) instead of standard dialysate temperature (36.

Population-based systematic enrolment of individuals ensures high lung cancer screening uptake.

Introduction: Lung cancer screening (LCS) is recommended by international societies, yet it is still debated how to efficiently enrol participants. The aim of this study was to evaluate systematic enrolment of patients through family physicians in a regional LCS pilot study in Estonia.

Material And Methods: This study was conducted in one county (with approximately 10 % of the country's population), where all family physicians were approached.

Thirty Years of Applications.

IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications began publishing "Applications" as a regular department under its present editor 30 years ago in November 1994, with the goal of featuring interesting examples of using computer graphics to solve real-world problems. The Applications department has appeared in every issue since, making the present article the 181st such article to appear. To mark this occasion, the Applications department takes a look back by revisiting the most cited articles that have appeared since the department's inception.

My Struggles and Dreams as a Chemical Engineer.

My career has not been straightforward. Although I am a chemical engineer, and I'm proud of that, I took a path from chemistry and engineering to one that also involved experimental biology and medicine. This was very unusual many decades ago.

Pulmonary Metastases From Early-stage Granulosa Cell Tumor 15 Years Later on 18F-NOTA-FAPI-04 and 18F-FDG PET/CT.

This article reports a case of rare pulmonary metastases arising from an ovarian granulosa cell tumor using 18F-NOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT. We discussed a patient who was diagnosed with ovarian granulosa cell tumor (stage IA) after surgery 15 years ago and developed pulmonary metastases. The metastatic lesions with solid and (or) cystic components displayed variable (none to mild) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avidity and significantly higher uptake of FAPI.

Socioecological Determinants of Speech Evaluation and Treatment Among Children Who Stutter.

Purpose: While there is no cure for stuttering, therapy can help children who stutter (CWS) reduce the adverse effects imposed by stuttering. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) guarantees "special education and related services" at no cost to all children with disabilities. However, a potential interplay of variables may influence service provision for CWS.

Multivitamins After Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: In 2013, the Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) reported that in 1708 patients with stable coronary disease and prior myocardial infarction (MI), oral multivitamins and multiminerals (OMVMs), in a factorial design with edetate disodium (EDTA) chelation therapy, did not reduce cardiovascular events relative to placebo OMVMs, but active EDTA combined with active OMVMs was superior to placebo OMVM/placebo EDTA.

Objective: To compare OMVM vs placebo in terms of efficacy for reducing major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes and prior MI.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The TACT2 randomized, multicenter double-masked 2 × 2 factorial clinical trial took place across 88 sites in the US and Canada.

Mapping the Burden of Conduct Disorder in the Middle East and North Africa: Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

This study aims to investigate the prevalence, incidence, and Years Lived with a Disability (YLDs) caused by conduct disorder in 21 countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Sex and age differences in conduct disorder were investigated as well as the trend of conduct disorder from 1990 to 2021. Data from the MENA were used for this study.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability of {Mo}-Type Capsules Containing Phosphorus Oxo Anion Ligands.

This article deals with a set of {Mo}-type capsules containing phosphorus oxo anions as ligands. Two of them, with hypophosphite and phosphate ligands, respectively, were prepared and characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction in Bielefeld more than two decades ago. We extended this pioneering work to phosphite and methylphosphonate ligands.

Arabidopsis research in 2030: Translating the computable plant.

Plants are essential for human survival. Over the past three decades, work with the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana has significantly advanced plant biology research. One key event was the sequencing of its genome 25 years ago, which fostered many subsequent research technologies and datasets.

A chronological history of heart valve prostheses to offer perspectives of their limitations.

Prosthetic heart valves (PHV) have been studied for around 70 years. They are the best alternative to save the life of patients with cardiac valve diseases. However, current PHVs may still cause significant disadvantages to patients.

Genomic evidence for demographic fluctuations, genetic burdens and adaptive divergence in fourfinger threadfin .

Unlabelled: Declining populations and bottlenecks lead to the accumulation of deleterious mutations in fish populations. These processes also trigger genetic purging, which is a key genetic factor in reducing the deleterious burdens and increasing population viability. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the interaction between demographic history and the genome-wide pattern of deleterious variations.

Affixation patterns in native language and sequence processing by statistical learning mechanisms.

The suffixing bias (the tendency to exploit suffixes more often than prefixes to express grammatical meanings) in world's languages was identified a century ago, yet we still lack a clear account for why it emerged, namely, whether the bias emerged because general cognitive mechanisms shape languages to be more easily processed by available cognitive machinery, or the bias is speech-specific and is determined by domain-specific mechanisms. We used statistical learning (SL) experiments to compare processing of suffixed and prefixed sequences on linguistic and non-linguistic material. SL is not speech-specific, and we observed the suffixing preference only on linguistic material, suggesting its language-specific origin.