Optic neuritis.

Optic neuritis usually presents with painful monocular vision loss in younger patients. Spontaneous improvement in vision occurs over weeks, and treatment with high-dose intravenous steroids increases the rate but not extent of visual recovery. Risk of progression to multiple sclerosis (MS) is largely dictated by baseline brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Pharmacological testing of anisocoria.

Anisocoria, or a difference in pupil size, is a common condition. Its aetiology ranges from benign to life-threatening conditions. The clinical evaluation of anisocoria is discussed, emphasising the pharmacological aids (e.

Fundamentals of facelift surgery.

A multitude of techniques exists for facelift surgery (rhytidectomy). These techniques range from simple skin undermining to complex procedures involving superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) manipulation and subperiosteal dissection. Most surgeons agree that some type of modification of the SMAS is necessary to achieve an acceptable result.