[A method for performing a study and assessment of the individual neurodynamic properties of human higher nervous activity].

The proposed methods are directed at unification of conducting and assessing neurodynamic properties of the higher nervous activity of a human that are related to the processing of visual information of various complexity levels. It should be considered that the conducting of examinations in maximum close conditions of the same tests and assessment criteria will increase the possibilities and the value of the analysis of various experimental materials.

[The suppression of c-fos protein expression in the islands of Calleja in damage to the mesostriatal dopaminergic system of the brain].

We found activation c-fos protein in the NO synthase-containing neurons within the islands of Calleja (96.46 +/- 16.03 fos-immunoreactive nuclei per 50 mm section) in control and suppression of this activation after unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of dopaminergic mesostriatal system of brain (14.

[The pharmacological blockade of the cardiac and gastric enteric ganglia by a new parasympatholytic].

The blocking effects of a newly synthetized compound N-decyltropine bromide (IEM-1556), on pentagastrin-, carbachol- and histamine-induced gastric secretion in chronic dogs, on stress-induced changes in gastric mucosa in rats, on vagus-induced effect in heart and on arterial blood pressure in rats were studied. The effects were compared with those produced by hexamethonium, a conventional ganglionic blocking agent. IEM-1556 inhibited gastric secretion and acid output for a much longer time than hexamethonium did.

[The effect of the lysosomal function of circulating neutrophils on hemostasis and on the morphological changes in the internal organs in the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome].

Development of experimental the syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation, DIC syndrome, in organism laboratory animals from affect preparation "EFA-2" by accompanied increase quantity of neutrophiles circulations, modifications of the lysosomal apparatus of neutrophiles the activity of the serum acid phosphatase increased, characteristic damage on hemostasis system and typical alteration in some organs. As a result limitation of number of neutrophiles was achieved of suppression, of granulocytopoiesis by means "Myelosan" pharmacy, did not increase activity in blood serum solution lysosomal enzyme of neutrophils and not development in organism DIC syndrome. Made conclusion, the neutrophils have influence of promotion generalization DIC syndrome.

[Neurodynamic functions in older school-age pupils with different levels of development in the properties of their basic neural processes].

The age peculiarities of higher nervous activity as well as the formation of temporary characteristics which are of different complication in motor reactions have been studied among 319 senior pupils of 14-17 years old with different levels of development the qualities of main nervous processes. It was shown to be true that the period of senior school age is characterized by further formation of neurodynamic function. Besides, reliable correlation between functional mobility, power of main nervous processes and speed parameters of complex sensorimotor reactions has been.

[Intracellular regulation of neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptors].

Effects of substances affecting intracellular secondary messengers on the membrane currents evoked by ionophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh currents) and on the excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) evoked by single stimuli applied to preganglionic nerve fibres, were studied in neurones of the rat isolated superior cervical ganglion. Forskolin, the protein kinase A activator, and isobutyl-methyxanthine, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, decreased the ACh currents. Neither forskolin nor isobutyl-methylxanthine affected the EPSC amplitude or the EPSC decay time constant.

[Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria as elements of mechanism of intracellular signaling in neurons].

The temporal and spatial characteristics of a transitory increase in free Ca2+ ("calcium signals") concentration were determined in various types of the mice and rat neurones. Intracellular structures: endoplasmatic reticulum and mitochondria, were shown to play a major part in formation of these signals, the structures being able to absorb the Ca2+ ions from cytosol and release them back. The contribution of these processes proves rather varying depending on internal organisation and functional assignment of a neurone.

[The role of oxygen radicals in the physiology and pathology of human sperm].

Reactive oxygen species in low doses are necessary compound of sperm capacitation and hyperactivation. Superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide initiate sperm capacitation. The edding of antioxidant enzymes inhibits the spontaneous and induced sperm hyperactivation.

[The antioxidant action of taurine in acute hypoxic hypoxia].

It was found that preliminary treatment by amino acid taurine protected rats from lipid peroxidation intensification (expressed in terms of malondialdehyde and conjugated dienes contents) in the liver, brain and heart under acute severe normobaric hypoxic hypoxia. The mechanisms of the antioxidant action of taurine are connected to the prevention of lactate accumulation in tissues and cell membrane structure disorders (expressed in a decrease of membrane Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity). It was also shown that taurine reduced significantly a decrease of glutathione antioxidant system activity protecting tissues against reduced glutathione pool depletion and preventing a decrease of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities in acute severe hypoxia.

[The structural organization of the aortic endothelium in hypercholesterolemia and the effect of L-arginine].

Electron microscopic investigation of the rabbit [correction of rat] thoracic aorta revealed endothelium to be most vulnerable to the damage in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Administration of precursor of nitric oxide L-arginine against the background of hypercholesterolemia resulted in activation of functional activity of the endothelium of aorta. This notion is supported by an increase of the quantity of protein-synthesizing structures (ribosomes, polysomes, canaliculi of endoplasmic network), secretory granules vs rabbits on atherogenic diet.

[The electrical reactions of endothelial cells in situ to ATP action].

The changes in the membrane potential (MP) of in situ endothelial cells from guinea pig aorta was studied using patch-champ technique under ATP stimulation. Extracellular ATP is shown to evoke the complex changes in endothelial MP: initial short-lived depolarization and subsequent maintained hyperpolarization. Extracellular calcium buffering as well as addition of extracellular Ni2+ made the hyperpolarization shorter.

[Endothelin and the cardiovascular system].

Endothelin (ET) is a peptide synthetized by endothelial cells (EC), smooth-muscle cells (SMC), cardiomyocytes and endocardial cells in response to the effects of mechanical factors and some biologically active substances--angiotensin 11, interleykin-1, the transforming growth factor-alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-alpha). ET possesses significant constrictor action on vessels (100 times more than angiotensin), positive inotropic action on the heart and stimulates proliferation. Increase of the endogenous endothelin concentration has been shown in many pathological states of the cardiovascular system.

[The effect of L-arginine on the ultrastructure of atrial cardiomyocytes in experimental hypercholesterolemia].

The results of electronmicroscopic study of the right atrium in experimental hypercholesterolemia revealed a disturbance of ultrastructural organisation of both cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells of blood microvessels. Intake of L-arginine--a precursor of synthesis of nitric oxide (NO)--with atherogenic diet was found to prevent to some extent the damage of ultrastructural organisation of cardiomyocytes and to stimulate the production of atrial granules. A significant number of secretory components, which differ in terms of structure and function, revealed in the endothelium of blood microvessels may testify to the fact that upon administration of L-arginine the paracrine effect of hormonal regulation is enhanced manifesting itself through an increase of synthesis and secretion of natriuretic hormone in atrial cardiomyocytes.

Morphofunctional studies of the interactions of the glutamatergic, cholinergic, and dopaminergic systems in the neostriatum.

Morphological, electrophysiological, and behavioral experiments were used to study the interactions of the glutamatergic, cholinergic, and dopaminergic systems in the neostriatum of white rats with unilateral lesions of the mesostriatal dopaminergic system induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. The neostriatum was shown to contain both synaptic and interneuronal nonsynaptic interactions between these neurochemical systems. It is suggested that glutamate, which is present in excess in conditions of prolonged dopamine deficiency, has toxic effects on corticoneostriatal synaptic connections.

Length changes of the cat soleus muscle under frequency-modulated distributed stimulation of efferents in isotony.

The length changes of the cat soleus muscle have been examined in isotony within closed cycles of the stimulation rate change. Successive stimuli were applied in a cycle to five filaments of the preliminary dissected L7-S1 ventral roots (method of distributed stimulation), maximal rate did not exceed 80-90/s (16-18/s per single filament). At the beginning of a slow linear increase in the rate a muscle began shortening rather quickly, the rate changes without muscle reaction consisted of 5.

Movement-related and steady-state electromyographic activity of human elbow flexors in slow transition movements between two equilibrium states.

The electromyograms were recorded in healthy human subjects by surface electrodes from the mm. biceps brachii (caput longum et. brevis), brachioradialis, and triceps brachii (caput longum) during slow transition movements in elbow joint against a weak extending torque.

After-effects of preceding movement on dynamic responses of spindle primary afferents during passive muscle lengthening in the cat.

After-effects of preceding movement on the activity of primary spindle afferents of de-efferented cat hindlimb muscles were examined during the dynamic phases of slow linear test movements. These dynamic after-effects were compared with the static after-effects observed in the spindle activity during steady-state of the parent muscle and with hysteresis after-effects of the muscle proper. According to their pattern, the dynamic phases of the spindle and muscle reactions can be divided into two parts.

Length-tension dependence in vascular smooth muscle: possible participation of endothelin.

The results of experiments with isolated strips of rat portal vein, and of 'sandwich' experiments involving strips of the portal vein or aorta, revealed the involvement of endothelin in the development of myogenic reactions of the vascular smooth muscle, observed on distension of the vascular wall. Released by the endothelial cells, endothelin is capable of stimulating the contraction of these muscles.

Reversible blockade, induced by the neurotoxin MPTP, of corticofugal impulse activity to neurons of the caudate nucleus in cats.

It has been demonstrated in acute experiments in cats anesthetized with nembutal and immobilized with ditilin [succinylcholine iodide--Translator] that the number of neurons of the caudate nucleus responding to a single stimulation of the motor cortex with action potentials with a latent period less than 8.0 msec in the first 10-12 days after a course of injections of MPTP (5 mg/kg daily for 5 days, intramuscularly) decreased significantly as compared with the control. Their number is gradually restored by the 45th-54th day after the administration of the neurotoxin.

Influence of the blockade of D2 dopamine receptors of the cat neostriatum on the baseline activity and saccadic eye movement-associated reactions of neurons of the reticular portion of the substantia nigra.

The activity of neurons of the reticular portion of the substantia nigra before and after the microinjection of haloperidol (25 micrograms/5 microliters) into the head of the caudate nucleus on the ipsilateral side was investigated under chronic experimental conditions in cats, using the extracellular microelectrode pickup technique. A significant (p < 0.05) increase, from 34 to 61%, of neurons with the burst type of spontaneous activity was established after the injection of haloperidol.

Role of nitric oxide in myocardial reactive hyperemia in a dog.

Reactive hyperemia (RH) was produced after short-term (5-30 s) cessation of blood flow in experiments on anesthetized dogs following catheterization of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery (with the chest intact) autoperfused with blood from the subclavian artery. The increase of the coronary blood flow observed after occlusion was shown to depend strictly on its duration. Deendothelization of coronary vessels decreased the RH significantly.

Excitatory and inhibitory monosynaptic peptidergic transmissions in the Cns of the snail Helix pomatia.

The results of an investigation of the properties of excitatory and inhibitory monosynaptic peptidergic transmission between identified nerve cells of the snail Helix pomatia are presented in this paper. It was demonstrated that stimulation of the presynaptic interneuron activates stationary and potential-and time-dependent ionic channels in the postsynaptic cells.

Newly identified nerve cells of the snail, Helix pomatia, associated with the generation of pacemaker activity.

Data on new, previously unidentified nerve cells of the snail Helix pomatia are presented in this paper. The identified neurons described may serve as a convenient model for the investigation of the cellular mechanisms of pacemaker activity, the role of neuropeptides in the generation and regulation of pacemaker activity, peptidergic transmission, and the functional role of the inward calcium current.

Influence of oxytocin on identified neurons of the brain of the snail Helix pomatia L.

The responses of identified neurons induced by the effect of perfusion with a solution of oxytocin were investigated in this study. Depolarizing, hyperpolarizing, and modulating types of responses were found. It is hypothesized that these responses are associated in the majority of instances with the system of cyclic nucleotides.