Effect of Air Exposure-Induced Hypoxia on Neurotransmitters and Neurotransmission Enzymes in Ganglia of the Scallop .

The nervous system expresses neuromolecules that play a crucial role in regulating physiological processes. Neuromolecule synthesis can be regulated by oxygen-dependent enzymes. Bivalves are a convenient model for studying air exposure-induced hypoxia.

Cell and Tissue Nanomechanics: From Early Development to Carcinogenesis.

Cell and tissue nanomechanics, being inspired by progress in high-resolution physical mapping, has recently burst into biomedical research, discovering not only new characteristics of normal and diseased tissues, but also unveiling previously unknown mechanisms of pathological processes. Some parallels can be drawn between early development and carcinogenesis. Early embryogenesis, up to the blastocyst stage, requires a soft microenvironment and internal mechanical signals induced by the contractility of the cortical actomyosin cytoskeleton, stimulating quick cell divisions.

New genus of Ironidae (Nematoda, Enoplida) from Piip volcano (the Bering Sea).

gen. et sp. nov.

Are myoepithelial cells confined to genital coelomic sinus in the gonads of sea stars?

An ultrastructural study of the gonadal wall in 10 sea star species from the orders Forcipulatida, Paxillosida, Spinulosida, Valvatida and Velatida has shown variations in the presence of myoepithelial cells in the visceral peritoneal epithelium. These cells have only been found in the peritoneal epithelium of the gonads in Aphelasterias japonica (Forcipulatida: Asteriidae), Asterias amurensis (Forcipulatida: Asteriidae), Distolasterias nipon (Forcipulatida: Asteriidae), Diplopteraster multipes (Velatida: Pterasteridae), Luidia quinaria (Paxillosida: Ctenodiscidae), and Pteraster sp. (Velatida: Pterasteridae).

Expression of Doublecortin, Glial Fibrillar Acidic Protein, and Vimentin in the Intact Subpallium and after Traumatic Injury to the Pallium in Juvenile Salmon, .

Fetalization associated with a delay in development and the preservation of the features of the embryonic structure of the brain dominates the ontogeny of salmonids. The aim of the present study was to comparatively analyze the distribution of the glial-type aNSC markers such as vimentin and glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) and the migratory neuronal precursors such as doublecortin in the telencephalon subpallium of juvenile masu salmon, , in normal conditions and at 1 week after an injury to the dorsal pallium. Immunohistochemical labeling of vimentin, GFAP, and doublecortin in the pallium of intact juvenile masu salmon revealed single cells with similar morphologies corresponding to a persistent pool of neuronal and/or glial progenitors.

Molecular Markers of Adult Neurogenesis in the Telencephalon and Tectum of Rainbow Trout, .

In the brain of teleost fish, radial glial cells are the major type of astroglial cells. To answer the question as to how radial glia structures adapt to the continuous growth of the brain, which is characteristic of salmonids, it is necessary to study various types of cells (neuronal precursors, astroglial cells, and cells in a state of neuronal differentiation) in the major integrative centers of the salmon brain (telencephalon and ), using rainbow trout, , as a model. A study of the distribution of several molecular markers in the telencephalon and tectum with the identification of neural stem/progenitor cells, neuroblasts, and radial glia was carried out on juvenile (three-year-old) .

Arrested in Glass: Actin within Sophisticated Architectures of Biosilica in Sponges.

Actin is a fundamental member of an ancient superfamily of structural intracellular proteins and plays a crucial role in cytoskeleton dynamics, ciliogenesis, phagocytosis, and force generation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It is shown that actin has another function in metazoans: patterning biosilica deposition, a role that has spanned over 500 million years. Species of glass sponges (Hexactinellida) and demosponges (Demospongiae), representatives of the first metazoans, with a broad diversity of skeletal structures with hierarchical architecture unchanged since the late Precambrian, are studied.

Microscopic anatomy of gonadal area in the deep-sea clam Calyptogena pacifica (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae) with emphasis on somatic cells.

Somatic cells in the gonadal area of male and female deep-sea clams, Calyptogena pacifica, were examined using light and transmission electron microscopy. Acini both at the pre-spawning stage and at the stage of active spermatogenesis were observed to be simultaneously present in sections through a male gonad. Oocytes of various degrees of maturity were simultaneously present in female acini.

Aureibaculum algae sp. nov. isolated from the Pacific red alga Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis.

A Gram stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile by gliding and yellow-orange-pigmented bacterium, designated strain 10Alg 115, was isolated from the red alga Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the novel strain within the family Flavobacteriaceae, phylum Bacteroidetes. The nearest neighbor of the new isolate was Aureibaculum marinum KCTC 62204 with sequence similarity of 98.

Complete mitochondrial genomes of the charr (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) from Arctic Canada.

The complete mitochondrial genomes were sequenced in two individuals of charr from Arctic Canada. The genome sequences were 16,652 bp in length; the genome organization and GC content (45.6%) are consistent with those of charr mitochondrial genomes published previously.

Chitosan Cross-Linking with Acetaldehyde Acetals.

Here we demonstrate the possibility of using acyclic diethylacetal of acetaldehyde (ADA) with low cytotoxicity for the fabrication of hydrogels via Schiff bases formation between chitosan and acetaldehyde generated in situ from acetals in chitosan acetate solution. This approach is more convenient than a direct reaction between chitosan and acetaldehyde due to the better commercial availability and higher boiling point of the acetals. Rheological data confirmed the formation of intermolecular bonds in chitosan solution after the addition of acetaldehyde diethyl acetal at an equimolar NH: acetal ratio.

Investigation of Deep-Sea Ecosystems Using Marker Fatty Acids: Sources of Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Abyssal Megafauna.

Abyssal seafloor ecosystems cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface. Being formed by mainly heterotrophic organisms, they depend on the flux of particulate organic matter (POM) photosynthetically produced in the surface layer of the ocean. As dead phytoplankton sinks from the euphotic to the abyssal zone, the trophic value of POM and the concentration of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decrease.

Complete mitochondrial genomes of endemic charr of the genus from Lake Nachikinskoe (Kamchatka, Russia).

The complete mitochondrial genomes were sequenced from three individuals of the endemic charr sp. 4 [ from Lake Nachikinskoe (Kamchatka, Russia). The complete mitochondrial genomes were 16,654 bp in size; the genome organization and GC content (45.

Modulation of Hippocampal Astroglial Activity by Synaptamide in Rats with Neuropathic Pain.

The present study demonstrates that synaptamide (N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine), an endogenous metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid, when administered subcutaneously (4 mg/kg/day, 14 days), exhibits analgesic activity and promotes cognitive recovery in the rat sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. We analyzed the dynamics of GFAP-positive astroglia and S100β-positive astroglia activity, the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), and two subunits of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR1 and NMDAR2A) in the hippocampi of the experimental animals. Hippocampal neurogenesis was evaluated by immunohistochemical detection of DCX.

Deep-Sea Anemones Are Prospective Source of New Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Compounds.

The peculiarities of the survival and adaptation of deep-sea organisms raise interest in the study of their metabolites as promising drugs. In this work, the hemolytic, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and enzyme-inhibitory activities of tentacle extracts from five species of sea anemones (Cnidaria, orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) collected near the Kuril and Commander Islands of the Far East of Russia were evaluated for the first time. The extracts of and demonstrated maximal hemolytic activity, while high cytotoxic activity against murine splenocytes and Ehrlich carcinoma cells was found in the extract of .

Morphometry of cellular behavior of coelomocytes from starfish .

A comprehensive statistical analysis using a wide range of linear and non-linear morphological parameters enabled identification of the main stages in the dynamics of cell behavior of immune cells of the marine invertebrate (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Three stages may be distinguished in the cell behavior, which are characterized by the differences in complexity of the cell boundary microsculpture as well as by the size and asymmetry of the cell and convex hull of the cell. The first stage (5 min after placing cells onto a substrate) is characterized by more complex cell morphology and an increase in the process number and spreading area.

A comparison of food sources of nudibranch mollusks at different depths off the Kuril Islands using fatty acid trophic markers.

Gastropod molluscs such as nudibranchs are important members of deep-sea benthic ecosystems. However, data on the trophic ecology and feeding specialization of these animals are limited to date. The method of fatty acid trophic markers (FATM) was applied to determine the dietary preferences of nudibranchs off the Kuril Islands.

Synaptamide Improves Cognitive Functions and Neuronal Plasticity in Neuropathic Pain.

Neuropathic pain arises from damage or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system and manifests itself in a wide variety of sensory symptoms and cognitive disorders. Many studies demonstrate the role of neuropathic pain-induced neuroinflammation in behavioral disorders. For effective neuropathic pain treatment, an integrative approach is required, which simultaneously affects several links of pathogenesis.

Stimuli-Responsive Dual Cross-Linked -Carboxyethylchitosan Hydrogels with Tunable Dissolution Rate.

Here, we discuss the applicability of (methylenebis(salicylaldehyde)-MbSA) for the fabrication of the stimuli-responsive -carboxyethylchitosan (CEC) hydrogels with a tunable dissolution rate under physiological conditions. In comparison with non-covalent salicylimine hydrogels, MbSA cross-linking via covalent bis('imine clip') and non-covalent hydrophobic interactions allowed the fabrication of hydrogels with storage moduli > 1 kPa at ten-fold lower aldehyde/CEC molar ratio with the preservation of pH- and amino-acid responsive behavior. Although MbSA-cross-linked CEC hydrogels were stable at neutral and weakly alkaline pH, their disassembly in cell growth medium (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, DMEM) under physiological conditions was feasible due to transimination reaction with amino acids contained in DMEM.

Vasopora ceramica n. gen., n. sp.a new abyssal cyclostome bryozoan from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, ClarionClipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean.

A new abyssal cyclostome bryozoan genus and species, Vasopora ceramica n. gen., n.

Revision of the Laonice bahusiensis complex (Annelida: Spionidae) with a description of three new species.

The morphological reexamination of specimens previously identified as Laonice bahusiensis Sderstrm, 1920 from North European and Mediterranean collections, supported by the molecular analysis of freshly collected material, enabled the recognition of four different species in the region: the genuine L. bahusiensis, L. irinae n.

Learning from Nature: Bacterial Spores as a Target for Current Technologies in Medicine (Review).

The capability of some representatives of . and . genera to form spores in extreme external conditions long ago became a subject of medico-biological investigations.

Molecular phylogeny and morphology of Carinadinium gen. nov. (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales), including marine sand-dwelling dinoflagellate species formerly classified within Thecadinium.

Thecadinium is a morphologically heterogenous marine benthic genus. Its polyphyly has been discussed. After redefinition of the sensu stricto genus, sensu lato taxa now need reclassification.