New paradigm of oral rehydration in patients affected by irritable bowel syndrome with chronic diarrhea.

Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea is a very frequent clinical condition characterized by disabling intestinal symptoms. This disease presents with daily abdominal pain for at least 3 months related to defecation and associated with a change in the frequency of bowel movements and the shape of the stool. International surveys about this disease report a global prevalence of about 1.

mutations in a cohort of Italian patients with Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonisms.

Background: Aggregates of TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) represent the pathological hallmark of most amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and of nearly 50% of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) cases but were also observed to occur as secondary neuropathology in the nervous tissue of patients with different neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonism. Mutations of gene, mainly in exon 6 hotspot, have been reported to be causative of some forms of ALS and FTD, with clinical signs of parkinsonism observed in few mutation carriers.

Methods: Direct DNA sequencing of exon 6 was performed in a large Italian cohort of 735 patients affected by PD (354 familial and 381 sporadic) and 142 affected by atypical parkinsonism, including 39 corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and 103 progressive sopranuclear palsy (PSP).

A case of monofocal motor neuropathy with GM1 and GD1b antibodies improved with intravenous immunoglobulin.

Multifocal motor neuropathy is a purely motor neuropathy with a probably dysimmune pathogenesis, supported by the presence of anti-GM1 IgM antibodies in about half of the cases. Single nerve involvement allows for diagnosis of possible multifocal motor neuropathy. We present the case of a middle age man presenting with progressive weakness and hypotrophy in the left leg and difficulty in walking, in which we have diagnosed a dysimmune mononeuropathy.

Non-alcoholic beriberi, Wernicke encephalopathy and long-term eating disorder: case report and a mini-review.

Introduction: Nowadays, reports of beriberi are rare in developed countries. Wernicke encephalopathy may be present in about 25% of patients with beriberi.

Case Report: We report the case of a woman with history of depression and chronic eating disorder, who complained Wernicke encephalopathy and beriberi.

Concomitant cerebral aspergillosis and mucormycosis in an immunocompetent woman treated with corticosteroids.

We present the case of an immunocompetent 55-year-old woman, treated with corticosteroids, developing a cerebral fungal infection with autoptic ascertainment of aspergillosis and mucormycosis. This is the first report of cerebral co-infection by mucorales and aspergillus in an immunocompetent host. A possible explanation is that corticosteroids, even if taken for a short time, led to a transient lowering of immune function and contributed to negative outcome.

HSV-1 encephalitis relapse after epilepsy surgery: a case report and review of the literature.

Herpes simplex encephalitis relapses have been rarely reported, with only few cases occurring after neurosurgical interventions. A young man presented a late herpes simplex encephalitis relapse after left antero-mesial temporal resection for his refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Eight days after surgery, he developed fever and aphasia.

Role of liver and spleen stiffness in predicting the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection.

Background & Aims: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent complication of liver disease. When feasible, hepatic resection is the first-choice therapy. However, tumor recurrence complicates at least 2/3 hepatic resections at 5 years.

Clinical Application of 2017 McDonald Diagnostic Criteria for Multiple Sclerosis.

Background And Purpose: McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis diagnosis have been revised over the years, diagnostic procedures have been simplified and earlier diagnosis facilitated. The new 2017 revision introduces other important changes, with a further simplification for the diagnosis. Oligoclonal bands reassume a more relevant role in the workup.

Current and potential treatment options for hyperphosphatemia.

Introduction: Hyperphosphatemia is common in late stages of chronic kidney disease and is often associated with elevated parathormone levels, abnormal bone mineralization, extra-osseous calcification, and increased risk of cardiovascular events and death. Several classes of oral phosphate binders are available to help control plasma phosphorus levels. Although effective at lowering serum phosphorus, they all have safety, tolerability, and compliance issues that need to be considered when selecting which one to use.

Platelet count, spleen length, and platelet count-to-spleen length ratio for the diagnosis of oesophageal varices in people with chronic liver disease or portal vein thrombosis.

Background: Current guidelines recommend screening of people with oesophageal varices via oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy at the time of diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis. This requires that people repeatedly undergo unpleasant invasive procedures with their attendant risks, although half of these people have no identifiable oesophageal varices 10 years after the initial diagnosis of cirrhosis. Platelet count, spleen length, and platelet count-to-spleen length ratio are non-invasive tests proposed as triage tests for the diagnosis of oesophageal varices.