Navigating nephropathy and nephrotoxicity: understanding pathophysiology unveiling clinical manifestations, and exploring treatment approaches.

Nephropathy and nephrotoxicity are significant causes of renal impairment, with both conditions contributing to a substantial global healthcare burden. Nephropathy encompasses a range of kidney diseases, including glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, and polycystic kidney disease, each with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical manifestations. Nephrotoxicity, often induced by environmental toxins or medications, can lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) if not properly managed.