Solvents and their hydrogen bonding properties as general considerations in carbon dioxide reduction by molecular catalysts.

Improvements to the understanding of how reaction conditions influence the performance of molecular electrocatalysts are important. There exists a wide range of solution conditions that are used in the investigation of the properties and performance of electrocatalysts, from the choice of solvent or electrolyte to the identity and nature of other additives, like Brønsted acids. Herein, we demonstrate how the choice of solvent can have a significant impact on the observed rate constants for CO-to-CO conversion by a series of rhenium(I) diimine complexes.

Investigating cumulative effects across ecological scales.

Species, habitats, and ecosystems are increasingly exposed to multiple anthropogenic stressors, fueling a rapidly expanding research program to understand the cumulative impacts of these environmental modifications. Since the 1970s, a growing set of methods has been developed through two parallel, sometimes connected, streams of research within the applied and academic realms to assess cumulative effects. Past reviews of cumulative effects assessment (CEA) methods focused on approaches used by practitioners.

Regulation of hepatic abcb4 and cyp3a65 gene expression and multidrug/multixenobiotic resistance (MDR/MXR) functional activity in the model teleost, Danio rerio (zebrafish).

Multidrug/multixenobiotic resistance (MDR/MXR) confers resistance to a diverse range of potentially toxic pharmaceuticals and environmental contaminants through a cellular response that involves the coordinated induction and activity of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the Phase I metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A). In mammals, ligand-mediated pregnane X receptor (PXR) transcriptional activity regulates the induction of P-gp and CYP3A; however, this mechanism has not been well-characterized in piscine species. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) treated with the Pxr agonist pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) showed decreased P-gp (zebrafish Abcb4) and CYP3A (zebrafish Cyp3a65) mRNA levels after 48h exposure; however, treatment with PCN also resulted in increased hepatic MDR/MXR functional activity (i.

Alliance in individual psychotherapy.

This article reports on a research synthesis of the relation between alliance and the outcomes of individual psychotherapy. Included were over 200 research reports based on 190 independent data sources, covering more than 14,000 treatments. Research involving 5 or more adult participants receiving genuine (as opposed to analogue) treatments, where the author(s) referred to one of the independent variables as "alliance," "therapeutic alliance," "helping alliance," or "working alliance" were the inclusion criteria.

Variation in species losses from islands: artifacts, extirpation rates, or pre-fragmentation diversity?

Species are being lost from isolated reserves as predicted by ecological theory, prompting calls for larger reserves with higher species immigration rates. However, some large islands have lost a large proportion of their species, whereas some small islands have not lost any. Conservation efforts would be more efficient if the cause of such variation in the relationships among number of species lost, island size, and immigration rate were known.

A general approach for the use of oligonucleotide effectors to regulate the catalysis of RNA-cleaving ribozymes and DNAzymes.

A general approach is described for controlling the RNA-cleaving activity of nucleic acid enzymes (ribozymes and DNAzymes) via the use of oligonucleotide effectors (regulators). In contrast to the previously developed approaches of allosteric and facilitator-mediated regulation of such enzymes, this approach, called 'expansive' regulation, requires that the regulator bind simultaneously to both enzyme and substrate to form a branched three-way complex. Such three-way enzyme-substrate-regulator complexes are catalytically competent relative to the structurally unstable enzyme-substrate complexes.