Response-repetition costs reflect changes to the representation of an action.

Repeating a response from the previous trial typically leads to performance benefits. However, these benefits are eliminated, and usually reversed, when switching to a new task (i.e.

Feasibility and acceptability of an online mindfulness-based group intervention for adults with tic disorders.

Background: Preliminary research suggests that a mindfulness-based treatment approach may be beneficial for adults with tic disorders. In the present study, we report on the feasibility, acceptability, safety, and symptomatic effect of a novel online mindfulness-based group intervention for adults with Tourette syndrome or persistent tic disorder. Data from this study will directly inform the conduct of a funded randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of this intervention to another active psychological intervention.

Early infant temperament shapes the nature of mother-infant bonding in the first postpartum year.

Objective: This study examined longitudinal relations between maternal bonding and infant temperament in the first nine months after birth.

Design: Our sample consisted of 281 women, enrolled at five maternity hospitals, who completed questionnaires during the first week (T1), at six weeks (T2) and nine months postpartum (T3). Maternal bonding was assessed using the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale at T1 and T2 and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire at T3.

Do Infant Temperament Characteristics Predict Core Academic Abilities in Preschool-Aged Children?

Examined relationships between temperament, measured via parent report at 4 months and structures laboratory observations at 12 months of age, and a school readiness battery administered at about 4 years of age (N=31). Scores on the School Readiness Assessment of the Bracken Basic Concept Scale (BBCS) were related to infant Positive Affectivity/Surgency (PAS), with infants described as demonstrating higher levels of PAS at 4 months of age later demonstrating greater school readiness in the domains of color, letter, and number skills. Regulatory Capacity/Orienting (RCO) at 4 months also predicted color skills, with more regulated infants demonstrating superior pre-academic functioning in this area.

Evidence for the automatic processing of prelexical codes in an orthographic but not a phonological task.

The automatic activation of phonological and orthographic information in auditory and visual word processing was examined using a task-set procedure. Participants engaged in a phonological task (i.e.

Promise of, problems with, and potential refinement of the "extremely short form of the CBQ": a comment on Sleddens, et al. (2012).

The extremely short (one item, three response options)temperament scale introduced by Sleddens, Hughes, O'Connor, Beltran, Baranowski, Nicklas, et al. (2012) is a valuable contribution that can be useful for future research and applications of temperament. Requiring parents to classify children as high on Effortful Control, Negative Affectivity, or Surgency/Extraversion, however, is counter to the dimensional approach through which these temperament factors were derived.

Stability and instability of childhood traits: implications for personality development of animals.

Concepts of animal personality and human temperament are nearly identical, both emphasizing overt behaviors rather than conscious processes, and assuming a primary role of biology in shaping individual differences. A point of divergence is emphasis on development among temperament scholars. Whereas most definitions of personality and temperament emphasize differential continuity-the maintenance of individual differences in behavioral tendencies over time-several behaviors demonstrate absolute discontinuity-age-related changes in mean levels.

Measurement of fine-grained aspects of toddler temperament: the early childhood behavior questionnaire.

This article describes the development, reliability, and factor structure of a finely differentiated (18 dimensions) parent-report measure of temperament in 1.5- to 3-year-old children, using a cross-sectional sample (N=317) and a longitudinal sample of primary (N=104) and secondary (N=61) caregivers. Adequate internal consistency was demonstrated for all scales and moderate inter-rater reliability was evident for most scales.

Lexical and metrical stress in word recognition: lexical or pre-lexical influences?

The influence of lexical stress and/or metrical stress on spoken word recognition was examined. Two experiments were designed to determine whether response times in lexical decision or shadowing tasks are influenced when primes and targets share lexical stress patterns (JUVenile-BIBlical [Syllables printed in capital letters indicate those syllables receiving primary lexical stress.]).

The tyranny of the positive attitude in America: observation and speculation.

According to both popular and professional indicators, the push for the positive attitude in America is on the rise. After considering the popular culture zeitgeist, I compare and contrast two recent professional psychology movements-those of positive psychology and postmodern therapy-both of which rest on a foundation of optimism and positive thinking despite their opposing views about a proper philosophy of science. I then present cross-cultural empirical research that calls into question the typical (North American) assumption that a positive attitude is necessary for (a sense of) well-being.

Introduction: The (overlooked) virtues of "unvirtuous" attitudes and behavior: reconsidering negativity, complaining, pessimism, and "false" hope.

The attitudes and behaviors examined in this special section-namely, negativity, complaining, pessimism, and "false" hope-have not typically been viewed as virtuous either in popular culture or in professional psychology. In reconsidering these attitudes and behaviors, each of the authors demonstrates how there may actually be virtue, or at least something positive, in what has typically been cast in a negative light.

On the role of bias in dissociated phonological priming effects: A reply to Goldinger (1999).

Phonological priming studies have revealed two dissociated effects: low-similarity facilitation and highsimilarity interference (Hamburger & Slowiaczek, 1996; Slowiaczek & Hamburger, 1992). Because these two effects are influenced by different variables, they most likely reflect different processes that occur during auditory word recognition. Goldinger (1999) suggests that one bias is responsible for all phonological priming effects.