Harnessing deep learning to detect bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome from chest CT.

Background: Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS), a fibrotic airway disease that may develop after lung transplantation, conventionally relies on pulmonary function tests (PFTs) for diagnosis due to limitations of CT imaging. Deep neural networks (DNNs) have not previously been used for BOS detection. This study aims to train a DNN to detect BOS in CT scans using an approach tailored for low-data scenarios.

Changes in event soil moisture-temperature coupling can intensify very extreme heat beyond expectations.

The most disastrous heatwaves are very extreme events with return periods of hundreds of years, but traditionally, climate research has focussed on moderate extreme events occurring every couple of years or even several times within a year. Here, we use three Earth System Model large ensembles to assess whether very extreme heat events respond differently to global warming than moderate extreme events. We find that the warming signal of very extreme heat can be amplified or dampened substantially compared to moderate extremes.

Neoadjuvant atezolizumab in combination with dual HER2 blockade plus epirubicin in women with early HER2-positive breast cancer: the randomized phase 2 ABCSG-52/ATHENE trial.

The role of anthracyclines in the treatment of early breast cancer (EBC) is increasingly being challenged, especially in de-escalation strategies. However, owing to their immunogenic effects, anthracyclines are promising combination partners with immunotherapies. In the randomized phase 2 trial ABCSG-52 (EudraCT no.

Drought in a warmer, CO-rich climate restricts grassland water use and soil water mixing.

Soil water sustains terrestrial life, yet its fate is uncertain under a changing climate. We conducted a deuterium labeling experiment to determine whether elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO), warming, and drought impact soil water storage and transport in a temperate grassland. Elevated CO created a wetter rootzone compared with ambient conditions, whereas warming decreased soil moisture.

Nineteenth-century land use shapes the current occurrence of some plant species, but weakly affects the richness and total composition of Central European grasslands.

Context: Historical land use is thought to have influenced plant community diversity, composition and function through the local persistence of taxa that reflect ecological conditions of the past.

Objectives: We tested for the effects of historical land use on contemporary plant species richness, composition, and ecological preferences in the grassland vegetation of Central Europe.

Methods: We analyzed 6975 vegetation plots sampled between 1946 and 2021 in dry, mesic, and wet grasslands in the borderland between Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia.

Targeting TRPC channels for control of arthritis-induced bone erosion.

Arthritis leads to bone erosion due to an imbalance between osteoclast and osteoblast function. Our prior investigations revealed that the Ca-selective ion channel, Orai1, is critical for osteoclast maturation. Here, we show that the small-molecule ELP-004 preferentially inhibits transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels.

Impact of fluorination on membrane-protein stabilization and extraction by lactobionamide detergents.

We report the synthesis of a series of detergents with a lactobionamide polar head group and a tail containing four to seven perfluorinated carbon atoms. Critical micellar concentrations (CMCs) were determined using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and surface tension (SFT) measurements, showing a progressive decrease from 27 mM to about 0.2 mM across the series.

Higher bone cement volume in total knee arthroplasty lowers the risk of postoperative radiolucent lines.

Purpose: >The aim of this multicenter study was to analyze the potential impact of patient demographics and cementation technique towards the development of radiolucent lines (RLLs) in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It was hypothesized that cementation techniques, including higher cement volume, double-layer cementation technique and hardening in full extension, reduce RLL incidence by improving stability, whereas demographic factors such as age, BMI and smoking may increase RLL risk by affecting bone quality and mechanical loading.

Methods: Altogether, 776 patients (median age: 70.

Distribution of spinal damage in patients with axial spondyloarthritis as assessed by MRI: a prospective and blinded study.

Background: Axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) leads to structural bone lesions in every part of the vertebral column. These lesions are only partially visualized on conventional radiographs, omitting posterior parts of the vertebral column and the thoracic spine, that may nevertheless contribute to impaired spinal mobility and function in patients with axial SpA.

Methods: In this prospective and blinded investigation, we assessed the distribution of structural spinal lesions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the whole spine in 55 patients with axial SpA classified according to the Assessment in Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) criteria.

Dynamic switching between brain networks predicts creative ability.

Creativity is hypothesized to arise from a mental state which balances spontaneous thought and cognitive control, corresponding to functional connectivity between the brain's Default Mode (DMN) and Executive Control (ECN) Networks. Here, we conduct a large-scale, multi-center examination of this hypothesis. Employing a meta-analytic network neuroscience approach, we analyze resting-state fMRI and creative task performance across 10 independent samples from Austria, Canada, China, Japan, and the United States (N = 2433)-constituting the largest and most ethnically diverse creativity neuroscience study to date.

Deep learning empowered sensor fusion boosts infant movement classification.

Background: To assess the integrity of the developing nervous system, the Prechtl general movement assessment (GMA) is recognized for its clinical value in diagnosing neurological impairments in early infancy. GMA has been increasingly augmented through machine learning approaches intending to scale-up its application, circumvent costs in the training of human assessors and further standardize classification of spontaneous motor patterns. Available deep learning tools, all of which are based on single sensor modalities, are however still considerably inferior to that of well-trained human assessors.

A diagnostic host-specific transcriptome response for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia to guide pediatric patient treatment.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia in children and young adults. Its lack of a cell wall makes it resistant to beta-lactams, which are the first-line treatment for typical pneumonia. Current diagnostic tests are time-consuming and have low specificity, leading clinicians to administer empirical antibiotics.

Non-visual colour: A qualitative study of how the totally blind and an achromatope navigate colour in the sighted world.

Colour plays an important role in the sighted world, not only by guiding and warning, but also by helping to make decisions, form opinions, and influence emotional landscape. While not everyone has direct access to this information, even people without colour vision (i.e.

Patient-reported outcomes of zirconia dental implants: a systematic review and future directions.

Purpose: Zirconia dental implants show excellent biocompatibility and tissue integration, low affinity for plaque, and favorable biomechanical properties. However, these objective measures do not adequately replicate the patient's perception. This systematic review evaluated the evidence on patient-reported outcome (PROs) in zirconia dental implant treatment.

Coupling of single nanodiamonds hosting SiV color centers to plasmonic double bowtie microantennas.

Color centers are promising single-photon emitters owing to their operation at room temperature and high photostability. In particular, using nanodiamonds as a host material is of interest for sensing and metrology. Furthermore, being a solid-state system allows for incorporation to photonic systems to tune both the emission intensity and photoluminescence spectrum and therefore adapt the individual color center to desired properties.

Exploring 1-alkene biosynthesis in bacterial antagonists and Jeotgalicoccus sp. ATCC 8456.

Terminal olefins are important platform chemicals, drop-in compatible hydrocarbons and also play an important role as biocontrol agents of plant pathogens. Currently, 1-alkenes are derived from petroleum, although microbial biosynthetic routes are known. Jeotgalicoccus sp.

ECG challenge: Intermittent wide QRS complexes in heterotaxy syndrome.

We report wide QRS complexes appearing in conjunction with prolonged R-R intervals in a 5- year old patient with situs ambiguous and mirror image dextrocardia, who had undergone ASD and VSD closure at of the age of one. We present differential diagnoses of intermittent spontaneous QRS widening and refer to ECG lead positioning in mirror image dextrocardia patients.

Coupling of single nanodiamonds hosting SiV color centers to plasmonic double bowtie microantennas.

Color centers are promising single-photon emitters owing to their operation at room temperature and high photostability. In particular, using nanodiamonds as a host material is of interest for sensing and metrology. Furthermore, being a solid-state system allows for incorporation to photonic systems to tune both the emission intensity and photoluminescence spectrum and therefore adapt the individual color center to desired properties.

Patient-Reported Outcomes Following Systemic Antibiotic Adjunct to Nonsurgical Treatment of Periodontitis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Objectives: Considering the importance of patient-centered care, we aimed to evaluate the impact of systemic antibiotics on oral health-related quality of life during nonsurgical periodontal treatment. This controlled trial addresses a gap in understanding how systemic antibiotics influence patient-reported outcomes, focusing on Stage III periodontitis.

Materials And Methods: Sixty-one adults participated in a double-blind, randomized clinical trial, with participants divided into two groups: the test group, which received antibiotics, and the control group.

First insights into the ectoparasitic helminth fauna of freshwater fish on an Adriatic island.

Surface flow of freshwater on Adriatic islands is rare due to the extreme permeability of the karst terrain. Hence, most helminthological studies of freshwater fishes in the Adriatic drainage have focused on mainland freshwater systems, while data from islands are scarce. We collected minnow, (Schinz, 1840), specimens in the Suha Ričina stream on Krk Island and screened them for helminth ectoparasites.

Early Change in C-Reactive Protein and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Background: Patients with cancer treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have a substantial risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The association between ICI-induced inflammation and hypercoagulability is unclear, and no biomarkers currently exist to stratify VTE risk.

Objectives: The authors sought to determine the association between the early changes in C-reactive protein (CRP) after ICI initiation and the risk of VTE.

Rapid, High-resolution and Distortion-free Mapping of Fetal Brain using Multi-echo Radial FLASH and Model-based Reconstruction.

Purpose: To develop a rapid, high-resolution and distortion-free quantitative mapping technique for fetal brain at 3 T.

Methods: A 2D multi-echo radial FLASH sequence with blip gradients is adapted for fetal brain data acquisition during maternal free breathing at 3 T. A calibrationless model-based reconstruction with sparsity constraints is developed to jointly estimate water, fat, and field maps directly from the acquired k-space data.

Overweight, obesity, and cardiovascular disease in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: the EAS FH Studies Collaboration registry.

Background And Aims: Overweight and obesity are modifiable risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in the general population, but their prevalence in individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and whether they confer additional risk of ASCVD independent of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) remains unclear.

Methods: Cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 35 540 patients with HeFH across 50 countries, in the EAS FH Studies Collaboration registry. Prevalence of World Health Organization-defined body mass index categories was investigated in adults (n = 29 265) and children/adolescents (n = 6275); and their association with prevalent ASCVD.