[Ten hot issues of breast cancer in diagnosis and therapy in 2018].

The rigorous randomized clinical trials and qualified real world evidence have improved the domestic standardized diagnosis and therapy. Meanwhile, the recent consensus and guideline integrated with Chinese realities have also promoted the breast cancer therapy. To expound our views and to provide suggestions for the revision of breast cancer guideline of Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology, we select ten hot issues to discuss with our experience.

Tamoxifen enhances stemness and promotes metastasis of ERα36 breast cancer by upregulating ALDH1A1 in cancer cells.

The 66 kDa estrogen receptor alpha (ERα66) is the main molecular target for endocrine therapy such as tamoxifen treatment. However, many patients develop resistance with unclear mechanisms. In a large cohort study of breast cancer patients who underwent surgery followed by tamoxifen treatment, we demonstrate that ERα36, a variant of ERα66, correlates with poor prognosis.

Efficacy of MEK inhibition in a K-Ras-driven cholangiocarcinoma preclinical model.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a deadly malignancy with limited treatment options. Gain-of-function mutations in K-Ras is a very frequent alteration, occurring in ~15 to 25% of human iCCA patients. Here, we established a new iCCA model by expressing activated forms of Notch1 (NICD) and K-Ras (K-Ras) in the mouse liver (K-Ras/NICD mice).

Remarkable response with pembrolizumab plus albumin-bound paclitaxel in 2 cases of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer who have failed to multi-anti-HER2 targeted therapy.

In clinical practice, one subgroup patients of breast cancer might have developed resistance to multi-anti-HER2 targeted drugs(trastuzumab, lapatinib and/or T-DM1) and can not benefit from the anti-HER2 targeted therapy continuously. We attempt to change the next therapic way for these patients. Two patients with metastatic breast cancer who have failed to multi-anti-HER2 targeted therapy were treated with pembrolizumab (2 mg/Kg, day1) plus albumin-bound paclitaxel (125 mg/m, day1,8) every 3 weeks.

Novel Susceptibility Loci for Moyamoya Disease Revealed by a Genome-Wide Association Study.

Background And Purpose: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cerebral vasculopathy characterized by bilateral internal carotid artery stenosis and often leads to stroke in children or young adults. Although familial inheritance is well recognized, the genetic basis of MMD remains poorly understood.

Methods: A 2-stage genome-wide association study was conducted involving 1492 cases and 5084 controls.

Efficacy and safety of weekly nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in Chinese patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: a phase II study.

Background: This phase II bridging study assessed the safety and efficacy of nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine (Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Clinical Trial [MPACT] regimen) in Chinese patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC).

Methods: This 3-part sequential study evaluated nab-paclitaxel 125 mg/m plus gemcitabine 1000 mg/m on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks. Part 1 evaluated safety.

Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase III Trial of Trifluridine/Tipiracil (TAS-102) Monotherapy in Asian Patients With Previously Treated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The TERRA Study.

Purpose Trifluridine/tipiracil (TAS-102) was effective in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in a phase II Japanese trial. This regional trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of trifluridine/tipiracil in Asian patients with mCRC with or without exposure to biologic therapy. Patients and Methods This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial was conducted at 30 sites in China, the Republic of Korea, and Thailand.

Characteristics, survival, and risk factors of Chinese young lung cancer patients: the experience from two institutions.

Limited data is available regarding lung cancer in Chinese young adults. This study was aimed to determine the characteristics, survival, and prognostic factors of young lung cancer patients in China. We reviewed demographic and clinical data, and survival information of 420 young patients (20-45 years old) diagnosed with lung cancer in two Chinese hospitals between 2000 and 2013.

Unrelated donor umbilical cord blood transplant versus unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplant in patients with acute leukemia: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

Acute leukemia is a global disease with a poor prognosis for many patients. While an increasing number of patients with acute leukemia are being treated with unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) or umbilical cord blood transplants (UCBT), recent comparative reports of these 2 procedures are lacking. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of unrelated HSCT and unrelated single-unit UCBT for the treatment of pediatric and adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Changes in intraepidermal nerve fiber and Langerhans cell densities in the plantar skin of rats after mercuric chloride exposure.

Mercury and its compounds possess strong neurotoxicity and patients with mercury poisoning often report pain and numbness in the distal extremities that conform to the "stocking-glove" pattern. However, no study has investigated whether damage to small nerve fibers is associated with mercury poisoning. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of different doses of mercury chloride (HgCl ) on intraepidermal nerve fibers density (IENFD) and Langerhans cells (LCs) in the plantar skin of rats and to assess the possible relationship between changes in IENFD and sensory testing.

Relationship between RAS Association Domain Family Protein 1A Promoter Methylation and the Clinicopathological Characteristics in Patients with Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Meta-Analysis.

Background: To investigate the relationship between RAS association domain family protein 1A (RASSF1A) promoter methylation and the clinical features, and the survival of ovarian cancer patients.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library databases. The overall ORs with their 95% CIs were calculated in this meta-analysis.

Basic fibroblast growth factor protects against influenza A virus-induced acute lung injury by recruiting neutrophils.

Influenza virus (IAV) infection is a major cause of severe respiratory illness that affects almost every country in the world. IAV infections result in respiratory illness and even acute lung injury and death, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for IAV pathogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, the basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) level was markedly increased in H1N1 virus-infected humans and mice.

An endoscopic ultrasonography-guided interstitial brachytherapy based special treatment-planning system for unresectable pancreatic cancer.

EUS-guided interstitial brachytherapy is promising in the treatment of unresectable malignant carcinoma adjacent to the digestive tract. The feasible treatment plan is not established. Thus, our study aimed to develop a novel treatment plan and evaluate the feasibility in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.

Kainate receptor mediated presynaptic LTP in agranular insular cortex contributes to fear and anxiety in mice.

Anxiety disorders represent serious social problems worldwide. Recent neuroimaging studies have found that elevated activity and altered connectivity of the insular cortex might account for the negative emotional states in highly anxious individuals. However, the exact synaptic mechanisms of specific insular subregions have yet to be studied in detail.

Measurement and scan reproducibility of parameters of intravoxel incoherent motion in renal tumor and normal renal parenchyma: a preliminary research at 3.0 T MR.

Purpose: To prospectively estimate measurement and scan reproducibility of parameters of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) in renal tumors, normal renal cortex, and medulla.

Methods: Twenty-four consecutive patients (twelve males and twelve females; median age 56.7 years, range 32-71 years) with 25 renal tumors (20 renal cell carcinomas, one urothelium carcinoma, three angiomyolipomas, and one oncocytoma) were examined twice using IVIM and IVIM with 9 and 16 b values, respectively, at 3.

Monodisperse Au-FeC Janus Nanoparticles: An Attractive Multifunctional Material for Triple-Modal Imaging-Guided Tumor Photothermal Therapy.

Imaging-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) by combination of imaging and PTT has been emerging as a promising therapeutic method for precision therapy. However, the development of multicomponent nanoplatforms with stable structures for both PTT and multiple-model imaging remains a great challenge. Herein, we synthesized monodisperse Au-FeC Janus nanoparticles (JNPs) of 12 nm, which are multifunctional entities for cancer theranostics.

A consensus on liquid biopsy from the 2016 Chinese Lung Cancer Summit expert panel.

The diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer have evolved into the era of precision medicine. Liquid biopsy, a minimally invasive approach, has emerged as a promising practice in genetic profiling and monitoring of lung cancer. Translating liquid biopsy from bench to bedside has encountered various challenges, including technique selection, protocol standardisation, data analysis and cost management.

[Clinical Features and Prognosis of t(8;21) AML Patients in China: A Multicenter Retrospective Study].

Objective: To summarize the clinical characteristics of peripheral blood, immune phenotypes, fusion genes and cytogenetics of patients with t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia(AML) through the retrospective analysis of 586 patients with t(8;21) AML from 15 blood disease research centers in Northern area of China.

Methods: The factors affecting prognosis of patients with t(8;21) AML were investigated by using univariate and multivariate COX regression.

Results: The immune type of t(8;21) AML patients was mainly with HLA-DR, CD117, CD34, MPO, CD38, CD13 and CD33 (>95%), part of them with CD19 and CD56; the most common accompanied mutation of t(8;21) AML patients was C-KIT mutation (37.

[A study on the correlation between Neo-Bioscoresystem and disease-free survival of breast cancer patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy].

To explorethe correlation between Neo-Bioscore and disease-free survival (DFS) after neoadjuvant therapy in patients with breast cancer in China. The clinical and pathological data of 429 patients with early or locally advanced breast cancer who received neoadjuvant therapy at the No.307 Hospital of PLA from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2015 were analyzed and we followed up their DFS.

Disparities of Trastuzumab Use in Resource-Limited or Resource-Abundant Regions and Its Survival Benefit on HER2 Positive Breast Cancer: A Real-World Study from China.

Background: Trastuzumab is a key component of therapy for human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2) positive breast cancer. Because real-world data are lacking, the present research was conducted to evaluate the actual use of and the effectiveness of trastuzumab in the real world in China.

Methods: Inpatients with HER2 positive invasive breast cancer from 13 hospitals in Eastern China (2010-2015,  = 1,139) were included in this study.

Phase II study of S-1 plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: Regimen of 1 week on, 1 week off.

A phase II study of S-1 plus leucovorin (LV) given in a 4-week schedule (2 weeks' administration followed by 2 weeks' rest) for patients with untreated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) showed that the combination was effective, but grade 3 toxicities (diarrhea, stomatitis and anorexia) occurred at a relatively high rate. In this phase II study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of a 2-week schedule of S-1 plus LV. Patients with mCRC received oral S-1 (40-60 mg) and LV (25 mg) twice daily for 1 week, followed by 1 week's rest.

Icotinib versus whole-brain irradiation in patients with EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer and multiple brain metastases (BRAIN): a multicentre, phase 3, open-label, parallel, randomised controlled trial.

Background: For patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and multiple brain metastases, whole-brain irradiation (WBI) is a standard-of-care treatment, but its effects on neurocognition are complex and concerning. We compared the efficacy of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), icotinib, versus WBI with or without chemotherapy in a phase 3 trial of patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC and multiple brain metastases.

Methods: We did a multicentre, open-label, parallel randomised controlled trial (BRAIN) at 17 hospitals in China.