Drug-Induced Vitamin B Deficiency: A Focus on Proton Pump Inhibitors and Histamine-2 Antagonists.

Objective: To review primary literature of gastric acid suppressive agents and vitamin B deficiency.

Data Synthesis: From the published articles, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are associated with a higher risk of inducing vitamin B deficiency than histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs). Literature suggests that there is an increased risk of developing vitamin B deficiency in patients who are exposed to extended durations of therapy with PPIs.

Nephrotoxic Medication Exposure in U.S. Adults with Predialysis Chronic Kidney Disease: Health Services Utilization and Cost Outcomes.

Background: Nephrotoxic medication exposure increases risks for acute kidney injury, permanent renal function loss, and costly preventable adverse drug events. Exposure to medications associated with inducing acute tubular nephritis or tubular toxicity versus nonexposure among those with predialysis renal disease-a population vulnerable to increased risk of kidney injury-may affect health services utilization and cost outcomes. Few studies quantify nephrotoxic medication exposure in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated costs.