Biosecurity and Infection Control for Veterinarians Caring for Livestock: A Guide for Daily Threats.

Biosecurity and infection control are important aspects of veterinary medicine and livestock production. In fact, cattle, sheep, and goat industries all rank biosecurity and disease prevention among the highest priority areas in livestock management. Although attention and planning have improved over the years among producers, the daily activities of a veterinarian can prevent or promote the spread of contagious disease agents.

Qualitative Analysis of Intern Applications and its Relationship to Performance.

This study aimed to identify qualitative aspects of small animal veterinary internship applications that are associated with relative intern performance. This study took place with data collected on small animal interns from the 2015-2016, 2016-2017, and 2017-2018 intern classes from four different institutions. Applicants were divided into top-performers and bottom-performers by sorting the calculated overall scores from highest to lowest, labeling the top half of interns as "top-performers," and the lower half of interns as "bottom-performers.

Pharmacologic Interventions to Immunologic and Immune-Mediated Conditions in Horses.

Immunomodulators can stimulate, suppress, or regulate one or many aspects of the immune response. Use of a variety of immunostimulants, immunosuppressors, and anti-inflammatory drugs are described in horses, but the evidence supporting their efficacy is variable. Corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the best characterized immunomodulators in horses, but further study is needed to fully define their ideal dosing protocols and indications and to characterize the efficacy of other immunomodulators in equine medicine.

Pharmacologic interventions for the treatment of equine herpesvirus-1 in domesticated horses: A systematic review.

Background: Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in horses is associated with upper respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortions, and neonatal death.

Review Question: Does pharmacological therapy decrease either the incidence or severity of disease or infection caused by EHV-1 in domesticated horses?

Methods: A systematic review was preformed searching AGRICOLA, CAB Abstracts, Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science, and WHO Global Health Index Medicus Regional Databases to identify articles published before February 15, 2021. Selection criteria were original research reports published in peer reviewed journals, and studies investigating in vivo use of therapeutic agents for prevention or treatment of EHV-1 in horses.

Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of sotalol hydrochloride in healthy cats.

Introduction/objectives: The objective of this study was to describe the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and urinary elimination of sotalol in healthy cats.

Animals: Six adult purpose-bred cats MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cats were administered 2 mg sotalol/kg body weight as a single intravenous bolus and as a single oral dose in a randomized crossover study with a two-week washout period. The same cats then received 3 mg sotalol/kg orally every 12 h for two weeks.

Relationship between equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and abortion or equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in domesticated horses: A systematic review.

Background: Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in horses is associated with upper respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortions, and neonatal death.

Objective: To determine if there is an association between the level and duration of EHV-1 viremia and either abortion or equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) in domesticated horses?

Methods: A systematic review was performed searching numerous databases to identify peer reviewed reports that evaluated viremia and EHM, or viremia and abortion published before January 19, 2021. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies were assessed for risk of bias or publication quality.

Validation of a commercially available photometric analytical system for assessment of plasma oxidative status in healthy horses.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the end-products of physiologic functions in health. Oxidative stress occurs when endogenous antioxidants are insufficient to neutralize ROS in the system. As a result, ROS can damage DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and cell organelles.

Mitral Valve Repair-The Development and Rise of Options in the Veterinary World.

Both open surgical repair and a hybrid-interventional option are now available for mitral valve repair (MVR) at select veterinary centers worldwide, making the need for awareness of options and the intricacies around case selection of increasing importance. This article will overview both options currently available and their current stages of progress.

Chronic mandibular osteomyelitis associated with a novel probable Kocuria sp in a sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps).

Dental disease in sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) is understudied, with only limited clinical and pathological data available. An approximately 7-year-old female sugar glider presented to its primary care veterinarian for a decline in food intake, rapid weight loss and a mass involving the rostral mandible. At necropsy, the mandibular mass effaced most of the rostral mandible and adjacent musculature.

Resident Selection Criteria in Veterinary Medicine.

With the continued rise of interest and need for veterinary specialists, information regarding optimal selection criteria for successful residency candidates has been lacking in veterinary medicine. A 28-question online survey was developed to determine prioritized resident selection criteria, the importance of formal interviews, and residency supervisor satisfaction with the current selection process. This survey was sent to all programs listed by the Veterinary Internship and Residency Matching Program (VIRMP) for the 2019-2020 program year.

Ophthalmic Disease and Screening in Breeding Dogs.

This article describes the history and infrastructure associated with canine breed-related eye screening and certification by Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. Some of the common or otherwise particularly problematic specific inherited ophthalmic conditions are discussed.

Current Topics in Medical Colic.

The list of medical causes of acute or chronic colic in horses is extensive. The purpose of this article is to review 4 medical causes of equine colic with a focus on newer trends in treatment. The 4 topics selected include gastric impaction, gastric glandular disease, colon displacement, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Evaluation of the electroencephalogram in awake, sedated, and anesthetized dogs.

Sedation and anesthesia alter the raw electroencephalogram (EEG). Interpretation of the EEG is facilitated by measuring the patient state index (PSI), visual inspection of density spectral arrays (DSA), and power density analysis of the delta (0.1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), and beta plus gamma (12-40 Hz) frequency bands.

Salmonella in Horses.

Managing Salmonella in equine populations can be challenging due to the epidemiology of this disease. In particular, due to the range of clinical outcomes, the occurrence of subclinical infections, and intermittent shedding. This greatly affects the ability to detect shedding and can lead to widespread environmental contamination and transmission.

Postoperative sinusitis and pneumonia following exploratory celiotomy for treatment of colic in horses.

Sinusitis and pneumonia following exploratory celiotomy in horses were studied, evaluating associations between these 2 respiratory complications and selected pre-, peri-, and post-operative variables. The incidence of sinusitis was 2.5% (8/318) and pneumonia 3.

Comparison of Veterinary Student Understanding of Extrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts When Given a Pre-Lecture Activity of a Text-Only Narrative versus an Interactive Electronic Book.

Complex vascular anomalies are often difficult concepts for veterinary medical students to comprehend, as knowledge of normal anatomy, visualization of the abnormal anatomy, and understanding of the physiologic implications of that abnormality are all required to appreciate the clinical impacts of the anomaly. Access to interactive 3D models of both the normal and abnormal vasculatures may improve student comprehension. In this study, third-year veterinary medical students in a core small animal digestive diseases course completed a pre-lecture assignment consisting of a text-only narrative ( = 100) or an interactive electronic book (e-book; = 102) focused on extrahepatic portosystemic shunts, followed by two generative learning activities in which they described portal anatomy and extrahepatic portosystemic shunts.

The effect of postprandial exercise on mean blood glucose concentrations following high and maintenance carbohydrate content meals in healthy dogs.

Objectives: To compare the effect of 15 min of exercise 30 min post-meal on mean blood glucose concentrations in 5 well-conditioned versus 5 over-conditioned dogs. To compare the effect of exercise on glycemic control in dogs eating their maintenance diet as compared to a high carbohydrate meal.

Animals: Ten healthy staff or student owned dogs, five well- and five over-conditioned.

High-Risk Cattle Management and Stocker Calf Health: Modulation of the Bovine Respiratory Microbiome from a Systems Perspective.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) affects animals in all segments of the North American beef industry. The segmented nature of the beef industry results in the marketing of cattle that are considered to be at high risk of developing BRD. The microbiota is the complex microbial ecosystem that exists in and on the body of all animals.

Updates in Hepatobiliary Surgery: New Data on Portosystemic Shunts and Cholecystectomy in Dogs and Cats.

Advances regarding surgical treatment of hepatobiliary diseases over the past 5 years have resulted in improved outcomes and decreased mortality in veterinary patients. Options for minimally invasive treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and gallbladder disease have led to decreased morbidity with similar outcomes to open procedures. For extrahepatic portosystemic shunts, studies evaluating long-term outcome between surgical attenuation and medical management, as well as between options for surgical attenuation, are being used to direct evidence-based treatment of this congenital anomaly.

Age-Associated Changes in Recombinant H5 Highly Pathogenic and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Hemagglutinin Tissue Binding in Domestic Poultry Species.

The 2014 outbreak of clade 2.3.4.

Oral dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution significantly reduces pruritus and clinical lesions in feline hypersensitivity dermatitis: an open-label study.

Background: There are no liquid oral glucocorticoids labelled for management of pruritus and clinical lesions of feline hypersensitivity dermatitis (feline HD).

Hypothesis: First, to demonstrate that dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DexSP, DexajectSP, Henry Schein; Dublin, OH, USA; 4 mg/mL), an intravenous glucocorticoid, can be absorbed by healthy cats when administered orally. Second, to demonstrate the efficacy of orally administered DexSP for reducing pruritus and clinical lesions in patients with feline HD.

Diagnosis and treatment of epidural empyema in a pygmy goat.

A mixed-breed pygmy goat was presented for nonambulatory tetraparesis. Neurological examination was consistent with a C6 to T2 myelopathy. Initially, the goat was treated medically.

Platelet number and function in response to a single intravenous dose of vincristine.

Background: Vincristine might increase circulating platelet numbers but the functional capacity of these newly released platelets is unknown.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the functionality of mature and immature (reticulated) platelets after a single intravenous dose of vincristine in dogs.

Animals: Ten healthy purpose-bred dogs.

Respiratory Diseases of Snakes.

Respiratory abnormalities in snakes are a common clinical presentation in zoologic medical practice. There are often compounding issues involving translocation and substandard husbandry that can predispose to infectious and noninfectious causes of respiratory disease. Endoscopic evaluation of the respiratory tract and the collection of biopsies for histopathology and microbiology is preferred but may only be available from the specialist.