Genus : An identification aid version 4.00.

Species identification is fundamental to all aspects of biology and conservation. The process can be challenging, particularly in groups including many closely related or similar species. The problem is confounded by the absence of an up-to-date taxonomic revision, but even with such a resource all but professional botanists may struggle to recognise key species, presenting a substantial barrier to vital work such as surveys, threat assessments, and seed collection for ex situ conservation.

Scaling approaches and macroecology provide a foundation for assessing ecological resilience in the Anthropocene.

In the Anthropocene, intensifying ecological disturbances pose significant challenges to our predictive capabilities for ecosystem responses. Macroecology-which focuses on emergent statistical patterns in ecological systems-unveils consistent regularities in the organization of biodiversity and ecosystems. These regularities appear in terms of abundance, body size, geographical range, species interaction networks, or the flux of matter and energy.

A Late Pleistocene coastal ecosystem in French Guiana was hyperdiverse relative to today.

Warmer temperatures and higher sea level than today characterized the Last Interglacial interval [Pleistocene, 128 to 116 thousand years ago (ka)]. This period is a remarkable deep-time analog for temperature and sea-level conditions as projected for 2100 AD, yet there has been no evidence of fossil assemblages in the equatorial Atlantic. Here, we report foraminifer, metazoan (mollusks, bony fish, bryozoans, decapods, and sharks among others), and plant communities of coastal tropical marine and mangrove affinities, dating precisely from a ca.

A new North American species of (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), feeding on and species (Ericaceae).

van Nieukerken, Epstein & Davis, is the second native American species of Beirne, 1945, and the second known species feeding on Ericaceae. The species is known from light-collected adults in the USA (California, Arizona) and Canada (Ontario). These were linked via DNA barcodes to larvae that make short leafmines on and species, then continue feeding in stems and branches, causing damage in nurseries and planted trees in Sonoma and Marin Counties, California.

A new genus and four new species of Darnini (Hemiptera: Membracidae) from South America.

The new genus Polyodontotrochus is described and illustrated with four new species: P. auriculatus from French Guiana, P. elevatus (type species) from Ecuador, P.

Plastid genome data provide new insights into the dynamic evolution of the tribe Ampelopsideae (Vitaceae).

Background: Ampelopsideae J. Wen & Z.L.

Stem chewing lice on Cretaceous feathers preserved in amber.

Phthirapteran lice (true lice or parasitic lice) are a major group of ectoparasitic insects living on their bird or mammal hosts during their entire life cycle. Due to their highly specialized lifestyles, they are extremely poorly represented in fossil records. Molecular clock estimations have speculated extensively about the origin time of parasitic lice, yet none have been confirmed unequivocally.

The terrestrial end-Permian mass extinction in the paleotropics postdates the marine extinction.

The end-Permian mass extinction was the most severe ecological event during the Phanerozoic and has long been presumed contemporaneous across terrestrial and marine realms with global environmental deterioration triggered by the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province. We present high-precision zircon U-Pb geochronology by the chemical abrasion-isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry technique on tuffs from terrestrial to transitional coastal settings in Southwest China, which reveals a protracted collapse of the Cathaysian rainforest beginning after the onset of the end-Permian marine extinction. Integrated with high-resolution geochronology from coeval successions, our results suggest that the terrestrial extinction occurred diachronously with latitude, beginning at high latitudes during the late Changhsingian and progressing to the tropics by the early Induan, spanning a duration of nearly 1 million years.

 (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands.

K.R. Wood & W.

Re-evaluating monotypic from New Guinea and the Moluccas and its inclusion in (Malvaceae, Grewioideae).

Morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence indicate that Burret (Malvaceae, Grewioideae), a monotypic genus described from New Guinea, is best considered a synonym of L., a species-rich genus widespread across the Paleotropics and found in Africa, Arabia, Asia, Australia and the western Pacific. A new combination, based on Burret, (Burret) Dorr, , is proposed.

Microscopy of Woven and Nonwoven Face Covering Materials: Implications for Particle Filtration.

A suite of natural, synthetic, and mixed synthetic-natural woven fabrics, along with nonwoven filtration layers from a surgical mask and an N95 respirator, was examined using visible light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and micro-X-ray computed tomography (µXCT) to determine the fiber diameter distribution, fabric thickness, and the volume of solid space of the fabrics. Nonwoven materials exhibit a positively skewed distribution of fiber diameters with a mean value of ≈3 μm, whereas woven fabrics exhibit a normal distribution of diameters with mean values roughly five times larger (>15 μm). The mean thickness of the N95 filtration material is 1093 μm and is greater than that of the woven fabrics that span from 420 to 650 μm.

Plastid genomes provide insights into the phylogeny and chloroplast evolution of the paper daisy tribe Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae).

Chloroplast genomes, as an essential source of phylogenetic information, are increasingly utilized in the evolutionary study of angiosperms. Gnaphalieae is a medium-sized tribe of the sunflower family of Asteraceae, with about 2,100 species in 178 genera distributed in temperate habitats worldwide. There has been considerable progress in our understanding of their phylogenetic evolution using both nuclear and chloroplast sequences, but no focus on chloroplast genomic data.

Establishment of a neotype for Antipathes flabellum Pallas, 1766 (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia).

A neotype is designated for the antipatharian coral Antipathes flabellum Pallas, 1766. The neotype was collected off Madagascar (the original type locality is given as the Oceanus Indicus). Morphologically, the neotype corresponds closely in corallum shape and skeletal spination to specimens that have traditionally been identified as Antipathes flabellum.

Genera of Tischeriidae (Lepidoptera): a review of the global fauna, with descriptions of new taxa.

For the first time, genera of leaf mining Tischeriidae of the global fauna are reviewed and four new genera are described: Coptotrichoides Dikus & Stonis, gen. nov., trophically associated with Sapindaceae from Central and South America; Rytietia Dikus, Xu & Dai, gen.

A morphological review of the jellyfish genus Nausithoe Klliker, 1853 (Nausithoideae, Coronatae, Scyphozoa, Cnidaria).

In this study we address the diversity of the scyphozoan jellyfish genus Nausithoe Klliker, 1853 (Nausithoidae, Coronatae), questioning the feasibility of using some characters of the medusa stage to identify species and filling in gaps concerning species of the genus and their distributions. Like most scyphozoans, the vast majority of the 21 Nausithoe species have a metagenetic life cycle, but similarity of most polyps within the genus highlights the need for studying morphology of the medusa stage. By analyzing morphological features on preserved and live specimens (polyps and medusae) and comparing these data with the original descriptions, we were able to validate twenty species of the group, providing new information for some of them.

Revision of the type species of Syllepte Hbner and other spilomeline genera recently synonymized (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

The identity of Syllepte Hbner, 181921 is revised by designating a neotype from Neomabra Dognin, 1905, rev. syn., for the type species S.

Fourteen new species of the genus Nesamblyops Jeannel (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Anillini) from the South Island of New Zealand with redescription of the genus and description of a new subtribe.

Fourteen new species of flightless litter ground beetles of the tribe Anillini, genus Nesamblyops, from the South Island of New Zealand, are described. The only hitherto described species from the South Island, Nesamblyops subcaecus (Broun), is similar to the new species from Southland, N. viator n.

Balclutha jafara (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): integrative identification of a species introduced in the Western Hemisphere, and notes on other Balclutha.

Leafhopper specimens of the genus Balclutha Kirkaldy, found in southern Florida (Palm Beach and Collier Counties), United States, beginning in 2020, and in shipments of plant products originating from Colombia and entering the United States beginning in 2019, are identified as B. jafara Webb. This species was previously known only from the Seychelles and Aldabra Islands, which are parts of the Seychelles archipelago in the Indian Ocean east of mainland Africa.

Biomechanics: Rain yields tougher spider silks.

Broad ecological sampling of spider silks from multiple species shows that the biomechanical properties of spider silk reflect the habitat in which their orb webs are built. Silk toughness is highest in habitats with dense rain.

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Quill Mites of the Genus Kethley, 1970 (Prostigmata: Syringophilidae) with Six New-to-Science Species.

Quill mites (Acariformes: Syringophilidae) are poorly explored bird parasites. Kethley, 1970, is the most specious and widespread genus in this family. It is believed to contain mono-, steno- and poly-xenous parasites and thus seems to be an exemplary for studies on biodiversity and host associations.

 (Cyperaceae), an imperiled new species of beaksedge from eastern U.S.A.

(Cyperaceae) is described, illustrated, and compared with morphologically similar species. is known only from southern Delaware, southeastern Maryland, and southern New Jersey, all within the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S.

Phylogenomics and divergence pattern of Polygonatum (Asparagaceae: Polygonateae) in the north temperate region.

Polygonatum is the largest genus of tribe Polygonateae (Asparagaceae) and is widely distributed in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, especially well diversified in southwestern China to northeastern Asia. Phylogenetic relationships of many species are still controversial. Hence it is necessary to clarify their phylogenetic relationships and infer possible reticulate relationships for the genus.

Plastid phylogenomics of the tribe potentilleae (Rosaceae).

The tribe Potentilleae comprises approximately 1700 species in 13 genera, making it one of the largest of the 16 tribes in Rosaceae. Our understanding of the composition and relationships among members of Potentilleae has advanced dramatically with the application of molecular markers in the last two decades. Yet there is still much work remaining toward a robust phylogenetic framework for the entire Potentilleae and a comprehensive genus-level dating framework for the tribe.

A new method for examining the co-occurrence network of fossil assemblages.

Currently, studies of ancient faunal community networks have been based mostly on uniformitarian and functional morphological evidence. As an important source of data, taphonomic evidence offers the opportunity to provide a broader scope for understanding palaeoecology. However, palaeoecological research methods based on taphonomic evidence are relatively rare, especially for body fossils in lacustrine sediments.

 J. Wen, a new species of the ginseng genus (, Araliaceae) from northern Thailand.

We herein describe a new species, J. Wen, from the tropical monsoon forests in northern Thailand. is characterized by a combination of characters including horizontally elongated rhizomes with thick internodes, 3-5 whorled leaves each with 7-9 sessile and lanceolate leaflets, lanceolate bracteoles not persisting at the fruiting stage, 2-locular ovaries, and red fruits with a black top.