Inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts from Miracle Fruit leaves on mutation and oxidative damage.

This study investigated the inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts from Miracle Fruit leaves (AML) on mutation and oxidative damage. The results showed that AML in the range of 1-5mg/plate inhibited the mutagenicity of 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), an indirect mutagen, and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO), a direct mutagen toward Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100. On the other hand, AML in the range of 0.

Association of ADIPOQ polymorphisms with obesity risk: a meta-analysis.

Background: The association between ADIPOQ polymorphisms and the risk of obesity remains controversial. We perform a comprehensive meta-analysis to clarify the current understanding of this association.

Methods: We searched for relevant studies in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane library before February 2014.

Antimutagenicity of Methanolic Extracts from Anemopsis californica in Relation to Their Antioxidant Activity.

Anemopsis californica has been used empirically to treat infectious diseases. However, there are no antimutagenic evaluation reports on this plant. The present study evaluated the antioxidant activity in relation to the mutagenic and antimutagenic activity properties of leaf (LME) and stem (SME) methanolic extracts of A.

The bacterial metabolite 2-aminoacetophenone promotes association of pathogenic bacteria with flies.

Bacteria contaminate insects and secrete metabolites that may affect insect behaviour and potentially fitness through unknown mechanisms. Here we show that the 'grape-like' odorant 2-aminoacetophenone (2AA), secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a ubiquitous opportunistic human pathogen), facilitates attraction to food for several fly species including Musca domestica, Ceratitis capitata and Drosophila melanogaster. Constant feeding on 2AA increases the level of long-term colonization of the flies' intestine by P.

Species differences in alternative substrate utilization by the antibacterial target undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase.

Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UPPS) is a critical enzyme required for the biosynthesis of polysaccharides essential for bacterial survival. In this report, we have tested the substrate selectivity of UPPS derived from the mammalian symbiont Bacteroides fragilis, the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus, and the typically benign but opportunistic pathogen Escherichia coli. An anthranilamide-containing substrate, 2-amideanilinogeranyl diphosphate (2AA-GPP), was an effective substrate for only the B.

Adenosine 2A receptor inhibition enhances intermittent hypoxia-induced diaphragm but not intercostal long-term facilitation.

Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) elicits diaphragm (Dia) and second external intercostal (T2 EIC) long-term facilitation (LTF) in normal unanesthetized rats. Although AIH-induced phrenic LTF is serotonin dependent, adenosine constrained in anesthetized rats, this has not been tested in unanesthetized animals. Cervical (C2) spinal hemisection (C2HS) abolishes phrenic LTF because of loss of serotonergic inputs 2 weeks post-injury, but LTF returns 8 weeks post-injury.

Efficient synthesis of mibefradil analogues: an insight into in vitro stability.

This article describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of a chemical library of mibefradil analogues to investigate the effect of structural modification on in vitro stability. The construction of the dihydrobenzopyran structure in mibefradil derivatives 2 was achieved through two efficient approaches based on a diastereoselective intermolecular Reformatsky reaction and an intramolecular carbonyl-ene cyclization. In particular, the second strategy through the intramolecular carbonyl-ene reaction led to the formation of a key intermediate 3 in a short and highly stereoselective way, which has allowed for practical and convenient preparation of analogues 2.

Electrochemistry provides a point-of-care approach for the marker indicative of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of cystic fibrosis patients.

It has recently been demonstrated that 2-aminoacetophenone (2-AA) is a chemical indicator in exhaled air/breath of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection associated with progressive life threatening decline of lung function in cystic fibrosis sufferers [Scott-Thomas et al., BMC Pulm. Med.

Nonreductive chemical release of intact N-glycans for subsequent labeling and analysis by mass spectrometry.

A novel strategy is proposed, using cost-saving chemical reactions to generate intact free reducing N-glycans and their fluorescent derivatives from glycoproteins for subsequent analysis. N-Glycans without core α-1,3-linked fucose are released in reducing form by selective hydrolysis of the N-type carbohydrate-peptide bond of glycoproteins under a set of optimized mild alkaline conditions and are comparable to those released by commonly used peptide-N-glycosidase (PNGase) F in terms of yield without any detectable side reaction (peeling or deacetylation). The obtained reducing glycans can be routinely derivatized with 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-AA), 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), and potentially some other fluorescent reagents for comprehensive analysis.

Small scale affinity purification and high sensitivity reversed phase nanoLC-MS N-glycan characterization of mAbs and fusion proteins.

N-glycosylation is a complex post-translational modification with potential effects on the efficacy and safety of therapeutic proteins and known influence on the effector function of biopharmaceutical monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Comprehensive characterization of N-glycosylation is therefore important in biopharmaceutical development. In early development, e.

Single tag for total carbohydrate analysis.

Anthranilic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid, 2-AA) has the remarkable property of reacting rapidly with every type of reducing carbohydrate. Reactivity of 2-AA with carbohydrates in aqueous solutions surpasses all other tags reported to date. This unique capability is attributed to the strategically located -COOH which accelerates Schiff base formation.

2-Pyridylfuran: a new fluorescent tag for the analysis of carbohydrates.

We herein report the use of 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)-1,3-propanedione (DPPD) as a fluorogenic labeling reagent for sugars. Reaction of DPPD with the anomeric carbon affords a fluorescent 2-pyridylfuran (2-PF) moiety that permits the sensitive HPLC-based detection of monosaccharides. 2-PF-labeled monosaccharides can be easily separated and analyzed from mixtures thereof, and the reported protocol compares favorably with established labeling reagents such as 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-AA) and 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), ultimately allowing subfemtomole detection of the galactose-derived product.

Time-Dependent Regulation of Apoptosis by AEN and BAX in Response to 2-Aminoanthracene Dietary Consumption.

Background/objective: The modulation of the toxic effects of 2-aminoanthracene (2AA) on the liver by apoptosis was investigated. Fisher-344 (F344) rats were exposed to various concentrations of 2AA for 14 and 28 days. The arylamine 2AA is an aromatic hydrocarbon employed in manufacturing chemicals, dyes, inks, and it is also a curing agent in epoxy resins and polyurethanes.

Electrospinning preparation and luminescence properties of terbium complex/polymer composite fibers.

The terbium complex Tb(acac)2AA (acac: acetyl acetone, AA: acrylic acid) was incorporated into polystyrene (PS) matrix and electrospun into various composite fibers. The mass ratios of rare-earth complex to polymer were fixed in all composite fibers. The diameters of the composite fibers decrease with increase in the collection distance during electrospinning.

[Effects of mutations in the autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus E25 on its trafficking to nucleus and budded virus production].

This study was performed to investigate the effects of different regions of the Autographa califor nica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus envelope protein E25 on its trafficking into nucleus and nuclear localization in host cells and on virus replication. Fourteen recombinant bacmids, each containing an e25 mutant with substitution or insertion of egfp, in the absence or presence of the native e25, were constructed and used to transfect Sf9 cells. The E25-EGFP fusion proteins and native E25 expressed in the cells transfect ed with individual recombinant bacmid were traced by autofluorescence from EGFP or by immuno-fluorescence assays.

A quorum sensing small volatile molecule promotes antibiotic tolerance in bacteria.

Bacteria can be refractory to antibiotics due to a sub-population of dormant cells, called persisters that are highly tolerant to antibiotic exposure. The low frequency and transience of the antibiotic tolerant "persister" trait has complicated elucidation of the mechanism that controls antibiotic tolerance. In this study, we show that 2' Amino-acetophenone (2-AA), a poorly studied but diagnostically important small, volatile molecule produced by the recalcitrant gram-negative human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, promotes antibiotic tolerance in response to quorum-sensing (QS) signaling.

Attraction of Ethiopian phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) to light and sugar-yeast mixtures (CO(2)).

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) known as Kala-Azar is a serious systemic disease caused by Leishmania donovani parasites (Trypanosomatidae: Kinetoplastida). The disease is prevalent in the Indian Sub-continent, East Africa and Brazil. In Africa, the worst affected regions are in Sudan, with an estimated 15,000-20,000 cases annually and Ethiopia with 5,000-7,000 cases a year.

Profiling and characterization of sialylated N-glycans by 2D-HPLC (HIAX/PGC) with online orbitrap MS/MS and offline MSn.

Glycosylation is a critical parameter used to evaluate protein quality and consistency. N-linked glycan profiling is fundamental to the support of biotherapeutic protein manufacturing from early stage process development through drug product commercialization. Sialylated glycans impact the serum half-life of receptor-Fc fusion proteins (RFPs), making their quality and consistency a concern during the production of fusion proteins.

Genetic diversity of ORF3 and spike genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Thailand.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has become endemic in the Thai swine industry, causing economic losses and repeated outbreaks since its first emergence in 2007. In the present study, 69 Thai PEDV isolates were obtained from 50 swine herds across Thailand during the period 2008-2012. Both partial and complete nucleotide sequences of the spike (S) glycoprotein and the nucleotide sequences of ORF3 genes were determined to investigate the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Thai PEDV.

An externally head-mounted wireless neural recording device for laboratory animal research and possible human clinical use.

In this paper we present a new type of head-mounted wireless neural recording device in a highly compact package, dedicated for untethered laboratory animal research and designed for future mobile human clinical use. The device, which takes its input from an array of intracortical microelectrode arrays (MEA) has ninety-seven broadband parallel neural recording channels and was integrated on to two custom designed printed circuit boards. These house several low power, custom integrated circuits, including a preamplifier ASIC, a controller ASIC, plus two SAR ADCs, a 3-axis accelerometer, a 48MHz clock source, and a Manchester encoder.

A small volatile bacterial molecule triggers mitochondrial dysfunction in murine skeletal muscle.

Mitochondria integrate distinct signals that reflect specific threats to the host, including infection, tissue damage, and metabolic dysfunction; and play a key role in insulin resistance. We have found that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing infochemical, 2-amino acetophenone (2-AA), produced during acute and chronic infection in human tissues, including in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, acts as an interkingdom immunomodulatory signal that facilitates pathogen persistence, and host tolerance to infection. Transcriptome results have led to the hypothesis that 2-AA causes further harm to the host by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle.

Accessory navicular bone incidence in Chinese patients: a retrospective analysis of X-rays following trauma or progressive pain onset.

Background: Optimal treatment of symptomatic accessory navicular bones, generally asymptomatic 'extra' ossicles in the front interior ankle, remains debated.

Objective: Incidence and type of accessory navicular bones in Chinese patients were examined as a basis for improving diagnostic and treatment standards.

Methods: Accessory navicular bones were retrospectively examined in 1,625 (790 men and 835 women) patients with trauma-induced or progressive symptomatic ankle pain grouped by gender and age from August 2011 to May 2012.

Genotoxicity of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) disodium salt (BioPQQ™).

The genotoxic potential of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) disodium salt (BioPQQ™) was evaluated in a battery of genotoxicity tests. The results of the bacterial mutation assay (Ames test) were negative. Weak positive results were obtained in 2 separate in vitro chromosomal aberration test in Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblasts.

Decreased coenzyme A levels in ridA mutant strains of Salmonella enterica result from inactivated serine hydroxymethyltransferase.

The RidA/Yer057/UK114 family of proteins is well represented across the domains of life and recent work has defined both an in vitro activity and an in vivo role for RidA. RidA proteins have enamine deaminase activity, and in their absence the reactive 2-aminoacrylate (2-AA) accumulates and inactivates at least some pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-containing enzymes in Salmonella enterica. The conservation of RidA suggested that 2-AA was a ubiquitous cellular stressor that was generated in central metabolism.

Antimutagenic properties of affinin isolated from Heliopsis longipes extract.

Context: Heliopsis longipes (A. Gray) Blake (Asteraceae), commonly known in Mexico as "chilcuage" or "chilcuan", is widely used as an analgesic and anesthetic agent. Affinin, the major metabolite of this plant, and the ethanol extract of the plant have shown antinociceptive properties in mice.