A forerunner of qualitative health research: Risueno's report against the use of statistics.

In this article we discuss and examine the report presented to the Académie Royale de Médicine of Paris by the Spanish doctor Benigno Risueño de Amador in 1836, in which he argued against the calculation of probabilities in the health sciences. In his report, Risueño opposed the proposals put forward by Pierre Louis, precursor of the application of statistics in the health sciences. The report was a pioneering document that rejected the use of statistics in clinical practice and medical research.

Aquatic therapy improves pain, disability, quality of life, body composition and fitness in sedentary adults with chronic low back pain. A controlled clinical trial.

Objective: To determine the effects of a two-month intensive aquatic therapy programme on back pain, disability, quality of life, body composition and health-related fitness in sedentary adults with chronic low back pain.

Design: Controlled clinical trial.

Setting: Community.