Preoperative left shoulder elevation > 1 cm is predictive of severe postoperative shoulder imbalance in early onset idiopathic scoliosis patients treated with growth-friendly instrumentation.

Purpose: Prior research has demonstrated the influence of preoperative shoulder elevation (SE), proximal thoracic curve magnitude, and upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) on shoulder balance after PSF for AIS. Our purpose was to evaluate the impact of these factors on shoulder balance in early onset idiopathic scoliosis (EOIS) patients treated with growth-friendly instrumentation.

Methods: This was a multicenter retrospective review.

Single Ventricle Reconstruction III: Brain Connectome and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: Design, Recruitment, and Technical Challenges of a Multicenter, Observational Neuroimaging Study.

Unlabelled: Patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who have been palliated with the Fontan procedure are at risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, lower quality of life, and reduced employability. We describe the methods (including quality assurance and quality control protocols) and challenges of a multi-center observational ancillary study, SVRIII (Single Ventricle Reconstruction Trial) Brain Connectome. Our original goal was to obtain advanced neuroimaging (Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Resting-BOLD) in 140 SVR III participants and 100 healthy controls for brain connectome analyses.

Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program: an overview for the pediatric radiologist.

In terms of number of beneficiaries, Medicaid is the single largest health insurance program in the US. Along with the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), Medicaid covers nearly half of all births and provides health insurance to nearly half of the children in the country. This article provides a broad introduction to Medicaid and CHIP for the pediatric radiologist with a special focus on topics relevant to pediatric imaging and population health.

Pediatric pneumomediastinum: Symptom-based management.

Background: Pediatric spontaneous pneumomediastinum is known to have a benign course. Despite this, there is no consensus or standardization for the workup and management. There are often a variety of imaging studies performed for patients with similar presentations.

Milestones for clinical translation of the artificial placenta.

Despite significant advances in the treatment of prematurity, premature birth results in significant mortality and morbidity. In particular, extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs) defined as <28 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA) suffer from disproportionate mortality and morbidity. A radical paradigm shift in the treatment of prematurity is to recreate fetal physiology using an extracorporeal VV-ECLS artificial placenta (AP) or an AV-ECLS artificial womb (AW).

Complications associated with removal of airway devices under deep anesthesia in children: an analysis of the Wake Up Safe database.

Background: Previous studies examining removal of endotracheal tubes and supraglottic devices under deep anesthesia were underpowered to identify rare complications. This study sought to report all adverse events associated with this practice found in a large national database of pediatric anesthesia adverse events.

Methods: An extract of an adverse events database created by the Wake Up Safe database, a multi-institutional pediatric anesthesia quality improvement initiative, was performed for this study.

Oncology stewardship in acute myeloid leukemia.

In recent years, an explosion of novel agents has shifted the treatment paradigm for patients with acute myeloid leukemia. The optimal place in therapy for many of these novel agents remains unknown due to limited guidance from national guidelines and the way these agents were studied prior to entering the market. A critical evaluation of the literature and incorporation of oncology stewardship principles can be helpful in determining an optimal place for these agents while being mindful of the overall cost that is associated with therapies.

A single institution's experience with the management of peripheral bronchial atresia.

Purpose: Peripheral bronchial atresia is a pulmonary abnormality diagnosed on postnatal computed tomography after prenatal imaging reveals a congenital lung lesion. Debate regarding management of this abnormality prompted us to review our institution's practice patterns and outcomes.

Methods: All patients diagnosed with bronchial atresia were assessed from 6/2014 to 7/2020.

Clinician Racial Biases: Preliminary Investigation on Predictors of Poor Therapeutic Alliance and Retention in Home Visiting Intervention Program.

Background: Home visiting programs are effective in improving maternal-child health, and higher therapeutic alliance is associated with improved program retention and outcomes. Black, single, low-income mothers have a higher risk for poorer health outcomes in pregnancy and postpartum and for early termination of therapeutic services.

Objective: To examine associations between clinician and client alliance and social, economic, and racial demographics.

Pelvic fixation is not always necessary in children with cerebral palsy scoliosis treated with growth-friendly instrumentation.

Purpose: A previous study showed that patients with neuromuscular scoliosis who underwent fusion to L5 had excellent coronal curve correction and improvement in pelvic obliquity (PO) when preoperative L5 tilt was < 15°. Our purpose was to identify indications to exclude the pelvis in children with cerebral palsy (CP) scoliosis treated with growing-friendly instrumentation.

Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, children with CP scoliosis treated with TGR, MCGR, or VEPTR with minimum 2-year follow-up were identified from a multicenter database.

Variability in the management of adhesive small bowel obstruction in children.

Background: This study assessed inter-hospital variability in operative-vs-nonoperative management of pediatric adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO).

Methods: A multi-institutional retrospective study was performed examining patients 1-21 years-of-age presenting with ASBO from 2010 to 2019 utilizing the Pediatric Health Information System. Multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression was performed assessing inter-hospital variability in operative-vs-nonoperative management of ASBO.

Novel Therapeutics for Neonatal Seizures.

Neonatal seizures are a common neurologic emergency for which therapies have not significantly changed in decades. Improvements in diagnosis and pathophysiologic understanding of the distinct features of acute symptomatic seizures and neonatal-onset epilepsies present exceptional opportunities for development of precision therapies with potential to improve outcomes. Herein, we discuss the pathophysiology of neonatal seizures and review the evidence for currently available treatment.

Agness Mseteka: Maternity Waiting Home Caretaker and Protector of Pregnant Women in Rural Zambia.

To share her story, we interviewed Agness Mseteka about her experience as a maternity waiting home (MWH) caretaker at the district hospital in rural Lundazi, Zambia. Maternity waiting homes, also known as mother's shelters, are structures built near healthcare facilities to minimize the critical barrier of distance to accessing maternal health services. Agness' story highlights the central role caretakers play in contributing to the successful implementation and sustainability of MWH interventions.

Panobinostat penetrates the blood-brain barrier and achieves effective brain concentrations in a murine model.

Purpose: Panobinostat, an orally bioavailable pan-HDAC inhibitor, has demonstrated potent activity in multiple malignancies, including pediatric brain tumors such as DIPG, with increased activity against H3K27M mutant cell lines. Given limited evidence regarding the CNS penetration of panobinostat, we sought to characterize its BBB penetration in a murine model.

Methods: Panobinostat 15 mg/kg was administered IV to 12 CD-1 female mice.

Injury-associated levator ani muscle and anal sphincter ooedema following vaginal birth: a secondary analysis of the EMRLD study.

Objective: To determine whether all three components of the levator ani muscle (pubovisceral [= pubococcygeal], puborectal and iliococcygeal) and the external anal sphincter are equally affected by oedema associated with muscle injury after vaginal birth.

Design: Observational cross-sectional study.

Setting: Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan.

The Infant Microbiome and Its Impact on Development of Food Allergy.

The prevalence of food allergy (FA) has been increasing over the past few decades; recent statistics suggest that FA has an impact on up to 10% of the population and 8% of children. Although the pathogenesis of FA is unclear, studies suggest gut microbiome plays a role in the development of FA. The gut microbiome is influenced by infant feeding method, infant diet, and maternal diet during lactation.