Topical Niosome Gel Containing an Anthocyanin Complex: a Potential Oral Wound Healing in Rats.

Anthocyanins from dietary sources showing potential benefits as anti-inflammatory in oral lesions were developed as an anthocyanin complex (AC), comprised of extracts of Zea mays (CC) and Clitoria ternatea (CT), and formulated into a niosome gel to prove its topical oral wound healing in vitro and in vivo investigations. The AC formed nano-sized clusters of crystalline-like aggregates, occurring through both intra- and inter-molecular interactions, resulting in delivery depots of anthocyanins, following encapsulation in niosomes and incorporation into a mucoadhesive gel. In vitro permeation of anthocyanins was improved by complexation and further enhanced by encapsulation in niosomes.

Changes in bacterial community composition in the system of rice intensification (SRI) in Chiang Mai, Thailand.

The factors of alternating flooding and draining during the vegetative growth phase and applying compost to investigate changes in bacterial community composition between the system of rice intensification (SRI) and conventionally managed rice were investigated. 16S rRNA gene T-RFLP analysis showed the major changes in the bacterial communities from the beginning of cultivation to vegetative phase, at which time the groups formed remained consistent until the end of cropping season. Significant and consistent separations of microbial communities between the two systems were revealed.