The application of nitrogen (N) at 3 or 60 kg N/ha/year significantly boosted above-ground biomass in native upland species, especially in Eriophorum vaginatum, Erica cinerea, and Nardus stricta, with increased tiller production being the main factor for this growth.
While N. stricta maintained a stable root-to-shoot ratio due to increased root growth, the other three species showed decreased root-to-shoot ratios despite heightened tissue N concentrations.
Overall, N treatment led to more flowers in E. cinerea and suggested that the increases in growth were due to adjustments in resource allocation rather than enhanced photosynthesis, indicating a potential shift towards a grassier