Postoperative radiotherapy after extirpative surgery may not improve survival in patients with Masaoka-Koga stage IIB thymoma: a propensity-matched study based on the SEER database.

Background: The exact role of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) in patients with Masaoka-Koga stage IIB thymoma following extirpative surgery (defined as radical surgery or total thymectomy) is still under debate. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of PORT on survival in patients with stage IIB thymoma following extirpative surgery in a population-based registry.

Methods: Patients with Masaoka-Koga stage IIB thymoma who underwent extirpative surgery between 2000 and 2019 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.

Outcomes After Neoadjuvant Therapy With or Without Immunotherapy Followed By Pneumonectomy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.

Background: There are limited data concerning pneumonectomy after preoperative induction therapy. Our study aimed to evaluate feasibility and safety of pneumonectomy after neoadjuvant immunotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer by assessing postoperative outcomes.

Methods: A total of 1187 patients who underwent pneumonectomy for non-small cell lung cancer were retrospectively analyzed from 3 hospitals in China.

Overcoming multi-drug resistance in SCLC: a synergistic approach with venetoclax and hydroxychloroquine targeting the lncRNA LYPLAL1-DT/BCL2/BECN1 pathway.

Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) stands as one of the most lethal malignancies, characterized by a grim diagnosis and prognosis. The emergence of multi-drug resistance poses a significant hurdle to effective therapy. Although previous studies have implicated the long noncoding RNA LYPLAL1-DT in the tumorigenesis of SCLC, the precise role of the highly expressed LYPLAL1-DT in SCLC chemoresistance and the underlying mechanism remain inadequately understood.

Analysis of the epidemiological trends of Tuberculosis in China from 2000 to 2021 based on the joinpoint regression model.

Background: China is ranked third globally in terms of burden and has a moderately high to high prevalence of tuberculosis (TB). This study meticulously investigated the notification rates of TB and assessed the epidemic in China from 2000 to 2021. The aim of the study was to provide robust supporting data that is crucial for enhancing TB prevention and control strategies.

[Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of epidermal growth factor receptor-mutated non-small cell lung cancer transformed into small-cell lung cancer after treatment].

To analyze the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with sensitive epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations who developed small cell lung cancer (SCLC) transformation after treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). We conducted a retrospective collection of clinical data for 21 patients with advanced EGFR mutant NSCLC who developed SCLC transformation after EGFR-TKI treatment at Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2015 to December 2021. The clinical characteristics were summarized and the prognosis analysis was conducted.

CD8+ T cells infiltrating into tumors were controlled by immune status of pulmonary lymph nodes and correlated with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients' prognosis treated with chemoimmunotherapy.

Purpose: Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy has the potential to reduce tumor burden, improve the pathological complete response (pCR) rate, and significantly prolong patients' disease-free survival (DFS). However, the treatment's effectiveness varies among NSCLC patients. The immunological mechanisms contributing to tumor regression still require further exploration and elucidation.

The prognostic factors of clinical outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving subsequent treatments after progression on initial immunotherapy.

Background: The standard of care for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who encounter progression on initial immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) based treatment is uncertain. In the real world, there are various subsequent treatment options, but how to find the most suitable treatment for different patients is still unknown. The present study aimed to explore prognostic factors of subsequent treatment after progression (STAP) (defined as the next treatment after progression from the initial immunotherapy) of initial immunotherapy.

Kynurenine-AhR reduces T-cell infiltration and induces a delayed T-cell immune response by suppressing the STAT1-CXCL9/CXCL10 axis in tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a critical global health issue that is complicated by the ability of the pathogen to delay the host's T-cell immune response. This delay in T-cell recruitment to the site of infection is a pivotal survival strategy for Mtb, allowing it to establish a persistent chronic infection. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, this study focused on Mtb's exploitation of host tryptophan metabolism.

[Diffuse lung lesions and multiple enlarged lymph nodes: a case report].

This article reported a case of an elderly female patient with diffuse lung lesions and multiple enlarged lymph nodes. In the early stages of diagnosis, many clues, obtained through cellular immunology and molecular biology tests on a variety of samples including blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, pointed to the diagnosis of tuberculosis. At the same time, a peripheral lymph node biopsy was conducted, which led to the diagnosis of lymphoma coexisting with tuberculosis, a"dual-diagnosis".

Nanomaterial-assisted delivery of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides for boosting cancer immunotherapy.

Cancer immunotherapy aims to improve immunity to not only eliminate the primary tumor but also inhibit metastasis and recurrence. It is considered an extremely promising therapeutic approach that breaks free from the traditional paradigm of oncological treatment. As the medical community learns more about the immune system's mechanisms that "turn off the brake" and "step on the throttle", there is increasingly successful research on immunomodulators.

A case of neoadjuvant targeted therapy with pralsetinib for locally advanced lung adenocarcinoma with RET fusion mutation.

This case report details the successful treatment of a 68-year-old male patient with locally advanced RET-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma using neoadjuvant pralsetinib. The patient initially presented with a suspicious right upper lobe nodule, which was later diagnosed as lung adenocarcinoma following genetic testing that revealed a RET exon 12 fusion. After 2 months of neoadjuvant treatment with pralsetinib, a significant radiological response was observed, with a reduction in tumor size and metabolic activity.

Three-dimensional printed titanium chest wall reconstruction for tumor removal in the sternal region.

Resection of thoracic wall tumors results in significant defects in the chest wall, leading to various complications. In recent years, the use of three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium alloy prostheses in clinical practice has demonstrated enhanced outcomes in chest wall reconstruction surgery. A cohort of seven patients with sternal tumors was identified for this study.

Mechanism exploration and model construction for small cell transformation in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinomas.

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) transformation accounts for 3-14% of resistance in EGFR-TKI relapsed lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs), with unknown molecular mechanisms and optimal treatment strategies. We performed transcriptomic analyses (including bulk and spatial transcriptomics) and multiplex immunofluorescence on pre-treated samples from LUADs without transformation after EGFR-TKI treatment (LUAD-NT), primary SCLCs (SCLC-P) and LUADs with transformation after EGFR-TKI treatment (before transformation: LUAD-BT; after transformation: SCLC-AT). Our study found that LUAD-BT exhibited potential transcriptomic characteristics for transformation compared with LUAD-NT.

[Research Progresses on the Effects of CCL4 on Immune Escape in Tumor Microenvironment].

Immunotherapy has become the cornerstone of current malignant tumor treatment. However, the response of different patients to immunotherapy is highly heterogeneous, and not all patients can benefit from it. There is an urgent need to find biomarkers that can effectively predict the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Association of bacteriomes with drug susceptibility in lesions of pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

Understanding how the bacteriomes in tuberculous lesions can be influenced by the susceptibility of (MTB) can provide valuable information for preventing and treating drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to analyze the bacteriome in pulmonary TB lesions from 14 patients with DR-TB and 47 patients with drug sensitive tuberculosis (DS-TB), along with 18 normal lung tissues (NT) from 18 lung cancer patients serving as the bacterial baseline. The phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states2 (PICRUSt2) algorithm was utilized to predict bacterial metabolic functions.

Nine months of bedaquiline, linezolid, levofloxacin, clofazimine, and cycloserine chemotherapy for rifampicin/multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a multicenter, randomized, open-label non-inferiority trial in China.

Background: We concurrently developed a prospective study to assess clinical outcomes among patients receiving 9-month bedaquiline (BDQ)-containing regimens, aiming to provide valuable data on the use of this short-course regimen in China.

Methods: This open-label, randomized, controlled, multicenter, non-inferiority trial was conducted at sixteen hospitals, and enrolled participants aged 18 years and older with pulmonary rifampicin/multidrug tuberculosis. Participants were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio.

Microdroplet-enhanced chip platform for high-throughput immunotherapy marker screening from extracellular vesicle RNAs and membrane proteins.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered as promising candidates for predicting patients who respond to immunotherapy. Nevertheless, simultaneous detection of multiple EVs markers still presents significant technical challenges. In this work, we developed a high-throughput microdroplet-enhanced chip (MEC) platform, which utilizes thousands of individual microchambers (∼pL) as reactors, accelerating the detection efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas systems and increasing the sensitivity by up to 100-fold (aM level).

Berberine attenuates TNBS-induced colitis in mice by improving the intestinal microbiota.

Objective: To investigate the effects of berberine (BBR) as a treatment on intestinal microecological alterations and enteritis in mice produced by TNBS.

Methods: There were seven mice per group: seven in the healthy group (Ctrl), seven in the TNBS-induced enteritis group (TNBS), and seven in the berberine treatment group (BBR). The mice were weighed, slaughtered after 7 days, and subjected to high-throughput intestinal microecological analysis by Illumina, as well as haematological detection and imaging evaluation of colon pathology.

Research into overcoming drug resistance in lung cancer treatment using CRISPR-Cas9 technology: a narrative review.

Background And Objective: Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, with drug resistance posing a significant challenge to effective treatment. The advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) technology offers a novel and precise gene-editing technology for targeting and negating drug resistance mechanisms in lung cancer. This review summarizes the research progress in the use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology for investigating and managing drug resistance in lung cancer treatment.