[Vertigo and dizziness].

Pathophysiology of vertigo/dizziness can be understood by eye deviation (nystagmus). In benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, eye deviation of causative semicircular canal stimulation is directly observed. In other peripheral vestibular disorders, eye deviation results from the sum of unilateral all semicircular canal disorders.

Bedside video-oculographic evaluation of eye movements in acute supratentorial stroke patients: A potential biomarker for hemispatial neglect.

Background And Purpose: The presence of hemispatial neglect adversely affects functional outcomes in stroke patients; consequently, it warrants early targeted rehabilitative intervention. Nevertheless, hemispatial neglect in the acute phase of stroke has often been underdiagnosed. In this study, we aimed to detect hemispatial neglect at the bedside in acute stroke patients by measuring eye movements using video-oculography (VOG).

Decline in subarachnoid haemorrhage volumes associated with the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, decreased volumes of stroke admissions and mechanical thrombectomy were reported. The study's objective was to examine whether subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) hospitalisations and ruptured aneurysm coiling interventions demonstrated similar declines.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study across 6 continents, 37 countries and 140 comprehensive stroke centres.

Global Impact of COVID-19 on Stroke Care and IV Thrombolysis.

Objective: To measure the global impact of COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of IV thrombolysis (IVT), IVT transfers, and stroke hospitalizations over 4 months at the height of the pandemic (March 1 to June 30, 2020) compared with 2 control 4-month periods.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational, retrospective study across 6 continents, 70 countries, and 457 stroke centers. Diagnoses were identified by their ICD-10 codes or classifications in stroke databases.

[Anterior Interosseous Nerve Palsy with Isolated Flexion Palsy of the Thumb or Index Finger as an Initial Symptom:Two Case Reports].

Case 1: A 73-year-old man who had undergone neurolysis for right cubital tunnel syndrome complained of difficulty using chopsticks. Froment's sign test showed that the interphalangeal(IP)joint of the right thumb that had flexed preoperatively was extended. This finding was considered to indicate recovery from ulnar neuropathy, and the patient was closely followed up.

[Hypoglycemia].

Hypoglycemia may lead to acute hemiplegia. The most common diffusion-weighted MRI finding in patients with hypoglycemic hemiplegia is a hyperintense internal capsule lesion, which mimics acute ischemic stroke. In addition to the internal capsule lesion, various MRI findings have been reported in patients with hypoglycemia(including hyperintense lesions in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, subcortical white matter, and splenium of the corpus callosum).

Metabolic rerouting via SCD1 induction impacts X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in ABCD1, the peroxisomal very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) transporter. ABCD1 deficiency results in accumulation of saturated VLCFAs. A drug screen using a phenotypic motor assay in a zebrafish ALD model identified chloroquine as the top hit.

Intraoperative image guidance for cervical spine surgery.

Intraoperative image-guidance in spinal surgery has been influenced by various technological developments in imaging science since the early 1990s. The technology has evolved from simple fluoroscopic-based guidance to state-of-art intraoperative computed tomography (iCT)-based navigation systems. Although the intraoperative navigation is more commonly used in thoracolumbar spine surgery, this newer imaging platform has rapidly gained popularity in cervical approaches.

Eif2b3 mutants recapitulate phenotypes of vanishing white matter disease and validate novel disease alleles in zebrafish.

Leukodystrophy with vanishing white matter (VWM), also called Childhood Ataxia with Central Nervous System Hypomyelination, is caused by mutations in the subunits of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor, EIF2B1, EIF2B2, EIF2B3, EIF2B4 or EIF2B5. However, little is known regarding the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, and there is no curative treatment for VWM. In this study, we established the first EIF2B3 animal model for VWM disease in vertebrates by CRISPR mutagenesis of the highly conserved zebrafish ortholog eif2b3.

Global impact of COVID-19 on stroke care.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic led to profound changes in the organization of health care systems worldwide.

Aims: We sought to measure the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the volumes for mechanical thrombectomy, stroke, and intracranial hemorrhage hospitalizations over a three-month period at the height of the pandemic (1 March-31 May 2020) compared with two control three-month periods (immediately preceding and one year prior).

Methods: Retrospective, observational, international study, across 6 continents, 40 countries, and 187 comprehensive stroke centers.

Novel MIS 3D NAV Single Step Pedicle Screw System (SSPSS): Workflow, Accuracy and Initial Clinical Experience.

Study Design: Prospective case series.

Objective: SSPSS (single step pedicle screw system) was developed for minimally invasive spine surgery. We performed this study to report on safety, workflow, and our initial clinical experience with this novel technique.

Antiplatelet Loading Effects Prior to Endovascular Treatment: Carotid Artery Stenosis versus Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms.

Objective: Carotid artery stenosis and cerebral aneurism may have different platelet functions and antiplatelet responses because these diseases have different etiologies. In this study, we compared the antiplatelet loading effects prior to endovascular treatment between carotid artery stenosis and unruptured cerebral aneurysm (UCA) patients.

Methods: Nine patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (ACS), 14 with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis (SCS), and 20 with unruptured cerebral aneurysms were enrolled in this study.

Neuromodulation for Cognitive Disorders: In Search of Lazarus?

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia can have a large impact on patients, their families, and for the society as a whole. Current medical treatments have not shown enough potential in treating or altering the course of the disease. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has shown great neuromodulatory potential in Parkinson's disease, and there is a growing body of evidence for justifying its use in cognitive disorders.

Vanishing white matter disease expression of truncated EIF2B5 activates induced stress response.

Vanishing white matter disease (VWM) is a severe leukodystrophy of the central nervous system caused by mutations in subunits of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B complex (eIF2B). Current models only partially recapitulate key disease features, and pathophysiology is poorly understood. Through development and validation of zebrafish () models of VWM, we demonstrate that zebrafish mutants phenocopy VWM, including impaired somatic growth, early lethality, effects on myelination, loss of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, increased apoptosis in the CNS, and impaired motor swimming behavior.

Novel and known morbidities of leukodystrophies identified using a phenome-wide association study.

Objective: To determine shared comorbidities and to identify underrecognized or unexpected morbidities in children with leukodystrophies using an unbiased phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) analysis of a nationwide pediatric clinical and financial database.

Methods: Data were extracted from the Pediatric Health Information System database. Patients with leukodystrophy were identified with International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, clinical modification, diagnostic codes for any of 4 specific leukodystrophies (X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (E71.

Effects of uncomfortable care and histamine H2-antagonists on delirium in acute stroke: A propensity score analysis.

Background And Purpose: Uncomfortable care and histamine H2 antagonist (H2A) are implicated in precipitating delirium. In acute stroke, however, the need for them depends on stroke severity, an established risk factor for delirium. So, it is unclear whether care or H2A itself is responsible for delirium.

Evaluation and Treatment of Foot Drop Using Nerve Transfer Techniques.

Foot drop represents a complex pathologic condition, requiring a multidisciplinary approach for appropriate evaluation and treatment. Multiple etiologic factors require recognition before considering invasive/operative intervention. When considering surgical management for the treatment of foot drop, it is first and foremost imperative to establish the cause of the condition.

The role of imaging for the management of newly diagnosed glioblastoma in adults: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline update.

Target Population: These recommendations apply to adults with a newly diagnosed lesion with a suspected or histopathologically proven glioblastoma (GBM).

Question: What are the optimal imaging techniques to be used in the management of a suspected glioblastoma (GBM), specifically: which imaging sequences are critical for most accurately identifying or diagnosing a GBM and distinguishing this tumor from other tumor types?

Recommendations: Critical Imaging for the Identification and Diagnosis of Glioblastoma Level II: In patients with a suspected GBM, it is recommended that the minimum magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exam should be an anatomic exam with both T2 weighted, FLAIR and pre- and post-gadolinium contrast enhanced T1 weighted imaging. The addition of diffusion and perfusion weighted MR imaging can assist in the assessment of suspected GBM for the purposes of distinguishing GBM from other tumor types.

Intracellular dynamics of Ataxin-2 in the human brains with normal and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions.

TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is a major component of intracellular aggregates formed in brains of the patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which are correctively referred to as TDP-43 proteinopathies. A link between Ataxin-2 (ATXN2) and TDP-43 proteinopathies was established when intermediate CAG repeat expansions of ATXN2 gene were found to be associated with ALS and it was shown that ATXN2 modifies TDP-43 toxicity. Although ATXN2's contribution to TDP-43 proteinopathies has been mostly studied in ALS, recent studies have shown that intermediate repeat expansions of ATXN2 also influence the phenotype of FTLD by an unknown mechanism.

Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy Using 3-Dimensional Total Navigation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Minimally invasive posterior cervical foraminotomy (MPCF) has shown comparable outcomes to those of an open approach, with shorter operation times and length of hospital stays, as well as decreased blood loss and inpatient analgesic use. This surgical technique is mainly used to treat unilateral radiculopathy due to foraminal soft disc fragments or bone spurs. Three-dimensional (3D) navigation-guidance facilitates the surgical workflow, and it is utilized in planning the incision, determining the extent of the medial facetectomy, and confirming sufficient decompression, especially in the lower cervical spine and cervicothoracic junction, where the shoulders make localization with fluoroscopy difficult.