Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Youth.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have gained traction for the management of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Unlike several classes of antidiabetic medications that contribute to weight gain, GLP-1RAs not only reduce haemoglobin A1c, but also promote weight loss. While there is a large body of evidence supporting its safety and efficacy in adults, paediatric clinical trial data have only emerged in recent years.

Effects of ambient fine particulates, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone on maturation of functional brain networks across early adolescence.

Background: Air pollution is linked to neurodevelopmental delays, but its association with longitudinal changes in brain network development has yet to be investigated. We aimed to characterize the effect of PM, O, and NO exposure at ages 9-10 years on changes in functional connectivity (FC) over a 2-year follow-up period, with a focus on the salience (SN), frontoparietal (FPN), and default-mode (DMN) brain networks as well as the amygdala and hippocampus given their importance in emotional and cognitive functioning.

Methods: A sample of children (N = 9,497; with 1-2 scans each for a total of 13,824 scans; 45.

Health Care Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, and Emotional Impacts in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: Results from a Global Ulcerative Colitis Narrative Patient Survey.

Background: The Ulcerative Colitis (UC) Narrative global survey assessed aspects of living with UC. This analysis aimed to identify health care disparities, social determinants of health, and emotional impacts related to UC disease management, patient experience, and quality of life.

Methods: The survey was conducted by The Harris Poll from August 2017 to February 2018 among adults with UC.

Effectiveness of offloading interventions for people with diabetes-related foot ulcers: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Offloading treatment is crucial to heal diabetes-related foot ulcers (DFU). This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of offloading interventions for people with DFU.

Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane databases, and trials registries for all studies relating to offloading interventions in people with DFU to address 14 clinical question comparisons.

Low Rates of 5-Year Secondary Surgery and Postoperative Complications After Primary Hip Arthroscopy in More Than 30,000 Patients.

Purpose: To evaluate 90-day complications, 5-year secondary surgery rates, and risk factors for secondary surgery following primary hip arthroscopy performed for femoroacetabular impingement and/or labral tears using a large national dataset.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using the PearlDiver Mariner151 database. Patients with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, diagnosis codes for femoroacetabular impingement and/or labral tear undergoing primary hip arthroscopy with femoroplasty, acetabuloplasty, and/or labral repair between 2015 and 2021 were identified.

Bilateral Infectious Extensor Tenosynovitis: A Case Report.

Introduction: Infectious extensor tenosynovitis is a rare infection spreading along the extensor tendons of the extremities. It presents a diagnostic challenge in the emergency department (ED) given the nonspecific signs and symptoms, as opposed to the more common flexor tenosynovitis that is diagnosed by the classic Kanavel signs on physical exam.

Case Report: Here we present a case of bilateral extensor tenosynovitis in a 52-year-old female denying past medical history who presented to the ED with two days of bilateral dorsal hand swelling and pain.

American Indian and Alaska Native substance use treatment: Barriers and facilitators according to an implementation framework.

Introduction: Substance use disorder (SUD) and overdose deaths are higher in the American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) population than in other racial/ethnic groups. Multi-level gaps hinder SUD treatment for AIAN patients. Few studies have engaged front-line clinicians and administrators of SUD treatment programs serving AIAN patients to identify barriers and facilitators to improve the implementation of effective treatment.

Dry eye disease: A review of anti-inflammatory therapies.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common chronic ocular disease. DED can have a significant impact on visual function, causing disturbances to comfort, daily activities, and general quality of life. The varied nature of DED makes it difficult to point to a specific cause of the syndrome.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate derived from PRP-Exos promotes angiogenesis in diabetic wound healing via the S1PR1/AKT/FN1 signalling pathway.

Background: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a key regulator of vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis, is enriched in exosomes derived from platelet-rich plasma (PRP-Exos). However, the potential role of PRP-Exos-S1P in diabetic wound healing remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of PRP-Exos-S1P in diabetic angiogenesis and wound repair.

Translational considerations for immunotherapy clinical trials in pediatric neuro-oncology.

While immunotherapy for pediatric cancer has made great strides in recent decades, including the FDA approval of agents such as dinutuximab and tisgenlecleucel, these successes have rarely impacted children with pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors. As our understanding of the biological underpinnings of these tumors evolves, new immunotherapeutics are undergoing rapid clinical translation specifically designed for children with CNS tumors. Most recently, there have been notable clinical successes with oncolytic viruses, vaccines, adoptive cellular therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibition.

Non-Invasive Hybrid Ultrasound Stimulation of Visual Cortex In Vivo.

The optic nerve is the second cranial nerve (CN II) that connects and transmits visual information between the retina and the brain. Severe damage to the optic nerve often leads to distorted vision, vision loss, and even blindness. Such damage can be caused by various types of degenerative diseases, such as glaucoma and traumatic optic neuropathy, and result in an impaired visual pathway.

Disorders of Facial Hyperpigmentation.

Disorders of hyperpigmentation are common and challenging conditions which can arise due to a myriad of etiologic factors. Many of them can present across skin types but are more common in skin of color individuals with Fitzpatrick skin types III-VI. Facial hyperpigmentation, in particular, can have a significant impact on the quality of life of affected individuals due to its increased visibility.

Multicenter Evaluation of the BIOFIRE Blood Culture Identification 2 Panel for Detection of Bacteria, Yeasts, and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Positive Blood Culture Samples.

Diagnostic tools that can rapidly identify and characterize microbes growing in blood cultures are important components of clinical microbiology practice because they help to provide timely information that can be used to optimize patient management. This publication describes the bioMérieux BIOFIRE Blood Culture Identification 2 (BCID2) Panel clinical study that was submitted to the U.S.

Guidelines on offloading foot ulcers in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2023 update).

Aims: Offloading mechanical tissue stress is arguably the most important of multiple interventions needed to heal diabetes-related foot ulcers. This is the 2023 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) evidence-based guideline on offloading interventions to promote healing of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes. It serves as an update of the 2019 IWGDF guideline.

MACULAR SLING: A CUSTOMIZABLE METHOD FOR MACULAR BUCKLING USING AVAILABLE ELEMENTS.

Purpose: Macular buckling surgery is used to treat certain cases of myopic traction maculopathy but is rarely performed in the United States. One of the main factors limiting its use is the lack of commercially available buckling elements. Here, we describe a novel technique for creating an effective macular buckle using readily obtainable buckling materials.

Hyaline protoplasmic astrocytopathy in epilepsy.

Hyaline protoplasmic astrocytopathy (HPA) describes a rare histologic finding of eosinophilic, hyaline cytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes, predominantly in the cerebral cortex. It has mainly been observed in children and adults with a history of developmental delay and epilepsy, frequently with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), but the nature and significance of these inclusions are unclear. In this study, we review the clinical and pathologic features of HPA and characterize the inclusions and brain tissue in which they are seen in surgical resection specimens from five patients with intractable epilepsy and HPA compared to five patients with intractable epilepsy without HPA using immunohistochemistry for filamin A, previously shown to label these inclusions, and a variety of astrocytic markers including aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L1 (ALDH1L1), SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9 (SOX9), and glutamate transporter 1/excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (GLT-1/EAAT2) proteins.

Resilience to autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease in a Reelin-COLBOS heterozygous man.

We characterized the world's second case with ascertained extreme resilience to autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD). Side-by-side comparisons of this male case and the previously reported female case with ADAD homozygote for the APOE3 Christchurch (APOECh) variant allowed us to discern common features. The male remained cognitively intact until 67 years of age despite carrying a PSEN1-E280A mutation.

Embryological Insights into the Origin of Epithelial Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract.

The embryology of the female reproductive organs is reviewed focusing on aspects relevant to the histogenesis of reproductive neoplasms. The evidence reviewed suggests that (1) there is no embryological link between the ovarian surface epithelium and the coelomic epithelium; (2) the ovarian surface epithelium is not composed of pluripotent cells that readily differentiate into various components of the reproductive tract before or after birth; (3) there is no embryological link between the ovarian surface epithelium and the Müllerian ducts, from which internal female reproductive organs other than the ovaries, including the endocervix, endometrium, and fallopian tubes, are derived; and (4) there is an embryological link between the Müllerian ducts and the renal collecting system, perhaps accounting for clear cell differentiation in some gynecological malignancies. Implications for our understanding of the origin of the tumors historically classified as ovarian epithelial neoplasms are discussed.

Clinical outcomes of cemented distal femur replacements with all-polyethylene tibial components for oncologic indications.

Background: Endoprosthetic distal femoral replacement (DFR) is a well-established salvage procedure following resection of malignant tumors within the distal femur. Use of an all-polyethylene tibial (APT) component is cost-effective and avoids failure due to locking-mechanism issues and backside wear, but limits modularity and the option for late liner exchange. Due to a paucity of literature we sought to answer three questions: (1) What are the most common modes of implant failure for patients undergoing cemented DFR with APT for oncologic indications? (2) What is the survivorship, rate of all-cause reoperation, and rate of revision for aseptic loosening of these implants? And (3) Is there a difference in implant survivorship or patient demographics between cemented DFRs with APT performed as a primary reconstruction those performed as a revision procedure?

Aim: To assess outcomes of cemented DFRs with APT components used for oncologic indications.

Relationship of Obesity and Severe Penetrating Thoracic and Abdominal Injuries in Adolescent Patients.

Background: Over 20% of United States adolescents are obese. A thicker layer of subcutaneous adiposity might provide a protective "armor" layer against penetrating wounds. We hypothesized that adolescents with obesity presenting after isolated thoracic and abdominal penetrating trauma have lower rates of severe injury and mortality than adolescents without obesity.

Geriatrics Education: Phone Calls With Older Adults and Medical Students.

Background And Objectives: The rapid increase in the older adult population necessitates an increase in physicians who are adept at caring for the various medical comorbidities that accompany aging. To fill the gap in geriatric medical education and overcome barriers to medical student interest in geriatrics, we developed a friendly caller program that links medical students to older adults through multiple weekly phone calls. This study examines the impact of this program on geriatric care competency, a foundational skill for primary care physicians, in first-year medical students.

Nowarta110 Topical Placebo for the Treatment of Plantar Warts: A Phase I/II Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Background/aim: Plantar warts are cutaneous lesions on the plantar aspect of the foot caused by the infection of keratinocytes with the human papillomavirus (HPV). The severity and magnitude of warts can vary, but they cause pain and discomfort for all age groups. The treatment for plantar warts remains a continuing challenge.