Parents' perspectives and behaviors regarding their child's access to alcohol: Variation by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and neighborhood.

Background: Setting rules about alcohol use and minimizing its availability in the home are known effective parent-level strategies for reducing underage drinking risk. However, parents' restrictions and their perceptions of their child's alcohol access have rarely been considered in combination (e.g.

Remdesivir Effectiveness in Reducing the Risk of 30-Day Readmission in Vulnerable Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Retrospective US Cohort Study Using Propensity Scores.

Background: Reducing hospital readmission offer potential benefits for patients, providers, payers, and policymakers to improve quality of healthcare, reduce cost, and improve patient experience. We investigated effectiveness of remdesivir in reducing 30-day coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related readmission during the Omicron era, including older adults and those with underlying immunocompromising conditions.

Methods: This retrospective study utilized the US PINC AI Healthcare Database to identify adult patients discharged alive from an index COVID-19 hospitalization between December 2021 and February 2024.

Remdesivir-Associated Survival Outcomes Among Immunocompromised Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: Real-world Evidence From the Omicron-Dominant Era.

Background: Patients with immunocompromising conditions are at increased risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related hospitalizations and deaths. Randomized clinical trials provide limited enrollment, if any, to provide information on the outcomes in such patients treated with remdesivir.

Methods: Using the US PINC AI Healthcare Database, we identified adult patients with immunocompromising conditions, hospitalized for COVID-19 between December 2021 and February 2024.

EthoCRED: a framework to guide reporting and evaluation of the relevance and reliability of behavioural ecotoxicity studies.

Behavioural analysis has been attracting significant attention as a broad indicator of sub-lethal toxicity and has secured a place as an important subdiscipline in ecotoxicology. Among the most notable characteristics of behavioural research, compared to other established approaches in sub-lethal ecotoxicology (e.g.

Trastuzumab Deruxtecan after Endocrine Therapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer.

Background: Outcomes in patients with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer worsen after one or more lines of endocrine-based therapy. Trastuzumab deruxtecan has shown efficacy in patients with metastatic breast cancer with low expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) after previous chemotherapy.

Methods: We conducted a phase 3, multicenter, open-label trial involving patients with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer with low HER2 expression (a score of 1+ or 2+ on immunohistochemical [IHC] analysis and negative results on in situ hybridization) or ultralow HER2 expression (IHC 0 with membrane staining) who had received one or more lines of endocrine-based therapy and no previous chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer.

Therapeutic Effects of Heart Failure Medical Therapies on Standardized Kidney Outcomes: Comprehensive Individual Participant-Level Analysis of 6 Randomized Clinical Trials.

Background: Kidney outcomes have been variably defined using nonstandardized composite end points in key heart failure trials, thus introducing complexity in their interpretation and cross-trial comparability. We examined the effects of steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, the angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril/valsartan, and SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter-2) inhibitors on composite kidney end points using uniform definitions in 6 contemporary heart failure trials.

Methods: Individual participant-level data from trials of steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (EMPHASIS-HF [Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization and Survival Study in Heart Failure], TOPCAT [Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist] Americas), angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (PARADIGM-HF [Prospective Comparison of Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor With ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure], PARAGON-HF [Prospective Comparison of Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor With Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers Global Outcomes in HF With Preserved Ejection Fraction]), and SGLT2 inhibitors (DAPA-HF [Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure], DELIVER [Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure]) were included.

Chemical exposure from the Hebei spirit oil spill accident and its long-term effects on mental health.

While evidence indicates that exposure to oil spill incidents can affect mental health, it is unclear whether the mental health effects result from the incident itself or from exposure to associated chemicals. Oil contains chemicals that can impact mental health and these chemicals may have long-term effects due to their persistence in the environment. To address the gap in current knowledge, we conducted cross-sectional and prospective analyses of data from adults who participated in the Health Effects of the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill study.

Randomized control trial of moderate dose vitamin D alters microbiota stability and metabolite networks in healthy adults.

Unlabelled: Evidence indicates that both vitamin D and the gut microbiome are involved in the process of colon carcinogenesis. However, it is unclear what effects supplemental vitamin D has on the gut microbiome and its metabolites in healthy adults. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to identify the acute and long-term microbiota structural and metabolite changes that occur in response to a moderate dose (4,000 IU) of vitamin D for 12 weeks in healthy adults.

Targeting high-affinity nicotinic receptors protects against the functional consequences of β-amyloid in mouse hippocampus.

The accumulation of β-amyloid oligomers is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, inducing neural and network dysfunction in the early stages of pathology. The hippocampus is affected early in the pathogenesis of AD, however the impact of soluble β-amyloid on the dentate gyrus (DG) subregion of the hippocampus and its interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) within this region are not known. Using a localized model of over-expression, we show that β-amyloid induces early-onset neuronal hyperactivity and hippocampal-dependent memory deficits in mice.

Binge Alcohol Consumption Elevates Sympathetic Transduction to Blood Pressure: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Alcohol consumption is associated with cardiovascular disease, and the sympathetic nervous system is a suspected mediator. The present study investigated sympathetic transduction of muscle sympathetic nerve activity to blood pressure at rest and in response to cold pressor test following evening binge alcohol or fluid control, with the hypothesis that sympathetic transduction would be elevated the morning after binge alcohol consumption.

Methods: Using a randomized, fluid-controlled (FC) crossover design, 26 healthy adults (12 male, 14 female, 25±6 years, 27±4 kg/m) received an evening binge alcohol dose and a FC.

Deciphering Host-Parasite Interplay in Infection through a One Health View of Proteomics Studies on Drug Resistance.

Recent efforts in the study of vector-borne parasitic diseases (VBPDs) have emphasized an increased consideration for preventing drug resistance and promoting the environmental safety of drugs, from the beginning of the drug discovery pipeline. The intensive use of the few available antileishmanial drugs has led to the spreading of hyper-resistant strains, resulting in a chronic burden of the disease. In the present work, we have investigated the biochemical mechanisms of resistance to antimonials, paromomycin, and miltefosine in three drug-resistant parasitic strains from human clinical isolates, using a whole-cell mass spectrometry proteomics approach.

Impact of acute kidney injury response on survival and liver transplant rates in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation: Results from the HRS-HARMONY consortium.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) frequently complicates the course of hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and negatively affects their prognosis. How AKI response influences the timing of liver transplantation (LT) remains unclear. We sought to assess the impact of AKI response to treatment on survival and LT rates in patients with cirrhosis awaiting LT.

Outcomes of patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis and acute kidney injury - Results from the HRS Harmony Consortium.

Background & Aims: The development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the setting of alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) portends a poor prognosis. Whether the presence of AH itself drives worse outcomes in patients with cirrhosis and AKI is unknown.

Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 11 hospital networks of consecutive adult patients admitted in 2019 with cirrhosis and AKI.

Remdesivir for Treatment of COVID-19 Requiring Oxygen Support: A Cross-Study Comparison From 2 Large, Open-Label Studies.

Background: Remdesivir, an RNA-polymerase prodrug inhibitor approved for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), shortens recovery time and improves clinical outcomes. This prespecified analysis compared remdesivir plus standard of care (SOC) with SOC alone in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 requiring oxygen support in the early stage of the pandemic.

Methods: Data for 10-day remdesivir treatment plus SOC from the extension phase of an open-label study (NCT04292899) were compared with real-world, retrospective data on SOC alone (EUPAS34303).

Efficacy and Safety of Remdesivir in People With Impaired Kidney Function Hospitalized for COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Few antiviral therapies have been studied in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and kidney impairment. Herein, the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of remdesivir, its metabolites, and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin excipient were evaluated in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and severe kidney impairment.

Methods: In REDPINE, a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, participants aged ≥12 years hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia with acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, or kidney failure were randomized 2:1 to receive intravenous remdesivir (200 mg on day 1; 100 mg daily up to day 5) or placebo (enrollment from March 2021 to March 2022).

Ethanol consumption in non-human primates alters plasma markers of bone turnover but not tibia architecture.

Ethanol consumption is associated with positive, negative, and neutral effects on the skeletal system. Our previous work using a nonhuman primate model of voluntary ethanol consumption showed that chronic ethanol use has an impact on skeletal attributes, most notably on biochemical markers of bone turnover. However, these studies were limited by small sample sizes and resulting lack of statistical power.

The Tissue-Specific Eco-Exposome: Differential Pharmaceutical Bioaccumulation and Disposition in Fish among Trophic Positions.

Though bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals by aquatic organisms continues to receive scientific attention, the internal disposition of these contaminants among different tissue compartments of fish species has been infrequently investigated, particularly among fish at different trophic positions. We tested a human to fish biological read-across hypothesis for contaminant disposition by examining tissue-specific accumulation in three understudied species, longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus; piscivore), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum; planktivore/detritivore), and smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus; benthivore), from a river influenced by municipal effluent discharge. In addition to surface water, fish plasma, and brain, gill, gonad, liver, and lateral muscle fillet tissues were analyzed via isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Clinical and economic implications of false-positive heparin-induced thrombocytopenia immunoassays: utility of the 4T score.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a prothrombotic condition induced by platelet-activating IgG antibodies that recognize PF4/heparin complexes. Diagnosis of HIT relies on enzyme immunologic assays (EIAs) and functional assays [serotonin release assay (SRA)]. Our institution uses a latex immunoturbidimetric assay (LIA), which has shown a positive-predictive value (PPV) of 55.

Actigraphy-based sleep and muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans.

Short and insufficient sleep are prevalent and associated with cardiovascular disease, with the sympathetic nervous system as a suspected mediator. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between objective, actigraphy-based total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), and cardiovascular and sympathetic regulation in healthy adults. We hypothesized that short TST and low SE would be associated with elevated resting blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA).

Parenting practices and trajectories of proactive coping assets among emerging adult Black men.

Positive youth development (PYD) frameworks suggest that a critical response to investigating the challenges young Black men living in resource poor communities experience involves identifying contextual resources in young men's lives and personal assets that promote success. The following study examines heterogeneity in proactive coping assets trajectories, parental practices as predictors of developmental trajectories, and associated outcomes of each trajectory. The study sample consisted of Black emerging adult men living in rural Georgia (N = 504).

Performance and Return to Play After Surgery for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in Professional Baseball Players: A Matched Cohort Analysis.

Background: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) remains a rare diagnosis but is being recognized as a cause of upper extremity dysfunction in professional baseball players.

Purpose/hypothesis: The purpose was to determine performance and return-to-play (RTP) outcomes in professional baseball players after surgical treatment of TOS. The hypothesis was that there would be a high RTP rate in professional baseball players after TOS surgery with no statistical differences in performance between pitchers who had TOS surgery and matched controls.