Drug therapy versus placebo or usual care for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest; a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Background: In Europe, approximately 291,000 cardiac arrests occur annually. Despite critical care therapy, hospital mortality remains high. This systematic review assessed whether, in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest, any drug therapy, compared to placebo or usual care, improves outcomes.

Association of alcohol with lung cancer risk in men with different growth hormone receptor genotypes.

Objective: To test whether genetic variants of the growth hormone receptor gene (GHR) modulate the effect of lifestyle variables on lung cancer (LC) risk.

Materials And Methods: This population-based cohort study involved 6,439 men from the Japan-Hawaii Cancer study drawn from the Kuakini Honolulu Heart Program who were cancer-free at baseline examination (1965-1968; age 45-68 years) and followed-up until December 1999. We determined the association of GHR SNP rs4130113 genotypes GHR-AA (common allele A homozygotes) and GHR-G (minor allele G carriage) with alcohol drinking, BMI, physical activity and cigarette smoking in relation to LC and non-small cell LC (NSCLC).

The Utilization of the Accelerated Approval Pathway in Oncology: A Case Study of Pembrolizumab.

The accelerated approval (AA) pathway was established by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to provide earlier access to therapies for patients with serious medical conditions and unmet medical needs. Since its inception, the AA pathway has been used for novel treatments across different therapeutic areas, but most prominently in oncology, including the immune checkpoint inhibitor class. This review article describes the history of regulatory approvals for pembrolizumab, an immunotherapy agent targeting programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), and use of the AA pathway and the corresponding regulatory decisions made by the FDA.

Gaps in biomedical research in frontotemporal dementia: A call for diversity and disparities focused research.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is one of the leading causes of young-onset dementia before age 65, typically manifesting as abnormal behavior (in behavioral variant FTD) or language impairment (in primary progressive aphasia). Although FTD affects all populations across the globe, knowledge regarding the pathophysiology and genetics derives primarily from studies conducted in North America and Western Europe. Globally, biomedical research for FTD is hindered by variable access to diagnosis, discussed in this group's earlier article, and by reduced access to expertise, funding, and infrastructure.

Pembrolizumab 400 mg every 6 weeks as first-line therapy for advanced melanoma (KEYNOTE-555): Results from cohort B of an open-label, phase 1 study.

Intravenous pembrolizumab 400 mg every 6 weeks was approved across tumor types based on pharmacokinetic modeling, which showed exposures consistent with previous standard dosing of 200 mg or 2 mg/kg every 3 weeks, and early results of cohort B of the phase 1 KEYNOTE-555 study. Results after ≥1 year of potential follow-up for all patients in cohort B of KEYNOTE-555 are presented. Patients aged ≥18 years with previously untreated stage III/IV melanoma received pembrolizumab 400 mg every 6 weeks for ≤18 cycles.

Detection of low-level fentanyl concentrations in mixtures of cocaine, MDMA, methamphetamine, and caffeine via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was utilized to measure low-level fentanyl concentrations mixed in common cutting agents, cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine, and caffeine. Mixtures were prepared with a fentanyl concentration range of 0-339 μM. Data was initially analyzed by plotting the area of a diagnostic peak (1026 cm) against concentration to generate a calibration model.

Development of Functional Biointerface Using Mixed Zwitterionic Silatranes.

Strategies to design multifunctional interfaces for biosensors have been extensively investigated to acquire optimal sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. However, heterogeneous ingredients in clinical samples inevitably generate background signals, exposing challenges in biosensor performance. Polymer coating has been recognized as a crucial method to functionalize biointerfaces by providing tailored properties that are essential for interacting with biological systems.

Multifunctional effects of nitrification and urease inhibitors: Decreasing soil herbicide residues and reducing nitrous oxide emissions simultaneously.

Glyphosate pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are major problem in achieving sustainable soil management. It is necessary to develop effective strategies to simultaneously reduce herbicide residues and nitrous oxide (NO) emissions in soil. This study aimed to: (1) quantitative analyze the effects of nitrogen (N) cycle inhibitors (nitrification inhibitors 3,4 dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and dicyandiamide (DCD) and urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT)) on glyphosate degradation and reduction of NO under different soil moistures; (2) identify the functional microbes and genes associated with glyphosate degradation and NO emissions; and (3) decipher the main mechanisms of N cycle inhibitors affecting glyphosate degradation at different soil water contents.

The role of amino acid PET in radiotherapy target volume delineation for adult-type diffuse gliomas: A review of the literature.

Purpose: To summarise existing literature examining amino acid positron emission tomography (AA-PET) for radiotherapy target volume delineation in patients with gliomas.

Methods: Systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases.

Results: Twenty studies met inclusion criteria.

Administration Route Differentiation of Altrenogest via the Metabolomic LC-HRMS Analysis of Equine Urine.

Altrenogest, also known as allyltrenbolone, is a synthetic form of progesterone used therapeutically to suppress unwanted symptoms of estrus in female horses. Altrenogest affects the system by decreasing levels of endogenous gonadotrophin and luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones, which in turn decreases estrogen and mimics the increase of progesterone production. This results in more manageable mares for training and competition alongside male horses while improving the workplace safety of riders and handlers.

A Tumor Homing Peptide-Linked Arsenic Compound Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Growth and Enhances the Inhibitory Effect of Gemcitabine.

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been shown to inhibit pancreatic cancer (PC) cell growth and to promote the inhibitory effects of gemcitabine (Gem) on PC . However, the high toxicity of ATO associated with the required high doses and indiscriminate targeting has limited its clinical application. This study aimed to determine whether coupling arsenic to a tumor homing peptide would increase the inhibitory potency against PC cells.

A Unique Case of Adoption in Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys.

Adoption among nonhuman primates (hereafter primates) has been widely reported, particularly in chimpanzees, renowned for their higher intelligence and well-developed cognition. In contrast to adoption in other Old World monkeys, this case of adoption in golden snub-nosed monkeys () involves two infants associated with three units characterized by distinct social structures and reproductive functions. Consequently, this case extends beyond traditional hypotheses on allomaternal care and adoption-such as enhancing the fitness of adoptive mothers, fostering maternal behaviors, and improving fitness through social and individual interactions-to necessitate an association with the complex social structure characterized by hierarchical, multilevel composition, akin to human society, and intense sexual selection that frequently results in infanticide.

Molecular signatures of cortical expansion in the human foetal brain.

The third trimester of human gestation is characterised by rapid increases in brain volume and cortical surface area. Recent studies have revealed a remarkable molecular diversity across the prenatal cortex but little is known about how this diversity translates into the differential rates of cortical expansion observed during gestation. We present a digital resource, μBrain, to facilitate knowledge translation between molecular and anatomical descriptions of the prenatal brain.

Exploring the potential of Self-Management and Recovery Training (SMART Recovery) mutual-help groups for supporting people who use methamphetamine: A qualitative study examining participant experience of initiation and engagement.

Introduction: Improving support options for people who use methamphetamine is of critical national and global importance. The role of mutual-help groups within the treatment-seeking journey of people who use methamphetamine is unclear. Self-Management and Recovery Training ('SMART Recovery') mutual-help groups are led by a trained facilitator and support participants to work on individual goals, including, but not limited to abstinence.

Polygenic and transcriptional risk scores identify chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subtypes in the COPDGene and ECLIPSE cohort studies.

Background: Genetic variants and gene expression predict risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but their effect on COPD heterogeneity is unclear. We aimed to define high-risk COPD subtypes using genetics (polygenic risk score, PRS) and blood gene expression (transcriptional risk score, TRS) and assess differences in clinical and molecular characteristics.

Methods: We defined high-risk groups based on PRS and TRS quantiles by maximising differences in protein biomarkers in a COPDGene training set and identified these groups in COPDGene and ECLIPSE test sets.