Chemical Landscape of Adipocytes Derived from 3T3-L1 Cells Investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies.

Adipocytes derived from 3T3-L1 cells are a gold standard for analyses of adipogenesis processes and the metabolism of fat cells. A widely used histological and immunohistochemical staining and mass spectrometry lipidomics are mainly aimed for examining lipid droplets (LDs). Visualizing other cellular compartments contributing to the cellular machinery requires additional cell culturing for multiple labeling.

High-Throughput Measurement of Single-Fission Yeast Cell Volume Using Fluorescence Exclusion.

Cell volume is a critical parameter for the biology of living species and has an impact on virtually all cellular functions. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the regulation of cell size has been the focus of intense investigation, and mechanisms that couple size control with cell cycle progression have been identified. In fission yeast, cell length at division is generally used as a proxy for determining cell size.

Macrophage Cell Cycle.

Macrophages are dynamic and plastic immune cells essential for tissue homeostasis and pathogen defense. Their cell cycle regulation is highly influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic signals facilitating rapid responses to infections and tissue damage. Dysregulation of their cell cycle leads to diseases like cancer and HIV.

Aurora A Kinase Begins to Localize to the Centrosome in the S-phase of the Cell Cycle in the XL2 Cell Line.

Background: The centrosome is one of the principal cell hubs, where numerous proteins important for intracellular regulatory processes are concentrated. One of them, serine-threonine kinase 6, alias Aurora A, is involved in centrosome duplication and mitotic spindle formation and maintenance.

Methods: Long-term vital observations of cells, immunofluorescence analysis of protein localization, synchronization of cells at different phases of the cell cycle, Western blot analysis of protein content were used in the work.

Optimized expansion microscopy reveals species-specific spindle microtubule organization in egg extracts.

The spindle is a key structure in cell division as it orchestrates the accurate segregation of genetic material. While its assembly and function are well-studied, the mechanisms regulating spindle architecture remain elusive. In this study, we investigate the differences in spindle organization between and , leveraging expansion microscopy (ExM) to overcome the limitations of conventional imaging techniques.

Loss of Lipooligosaccharide Synthesis in Produces Changes in Outer Membrane Vesicle Protein Content.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanostructures derived from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. We previously demonstrated that vaccination with endotoxin-free OMVs isolated from an strain lacking lipooligosaccharide (LOS) biosynthesis, due to a mutation in , provides full protection in a murine sepsis model. The present study characterizes the protein content of highly-purified OMVs isolated from LOS-replete and LOS-deficient strains.

Protocol for quantifying LC3B FRET biosensor activity in living cells using a broad-to-sensitive data analysis pipeline.

Here, we present a protocol to comprehensively quantify autophagy initiation using the readout of the microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B) Förster's resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor. We describe steps for cell seeding, transfection, FRET/FLIM (fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy) imaging, and image analysis. This protocol can be useful in any physiology- or disease-related paradigm where the LC3B biosensor can be expressed to determine whether autophagy has been initiated or is stalled.

Sex-specific loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity in the auditory brainstem of a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome.

Sound sensitivity is one of the most common sensory complaints for people with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). How and why sounds are perceived as overwhelming by affected people is unknown. To process sound information properly, the brain requires high activity and fast processing, as seen in areas like the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) of the auditory brainstem.

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells' adipogenesis chemistry analyzed by FTIR and Raman metrics.

The full understanding of molecular mechanisms of cell differentiation requires a holistic view. Here we combine label-free FTIR and Raman hyperspectral imaging with data mining to detect the molecular cell composition enabling noninvasive monitoring of cell differentiation and identifying biochemical heterogeneity. Mouse adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) undergoing adipogenesis were followed by Raman and FT-IR imaging, Oil Red, and immunofluorescence.

Gadolinium retention effect on macrophages - a potential cause of MRI contrast agent Dotarem toxicity.

Gadolinium is a component of the MRI contrast agent Dotarem. Although Dotarem is the least toxic among MRI contrasts used, gadolinium present in Dotarem accumulates for many years in various organs and tissues exerting toxic effects. We showed previously that gadolinium remains in macrophages for at least 7 days after exposure to Dotarem.

How the Timing of Biological Processes Is Controlled and Modified at the Molecular and Cellular Level? 2.0.

The correct timing of molecular and cellular events is critical for embryo development, cell/tissue homeostasis, and to functions in all organisms throughout their whole lives [...

Artificial Modulation and Rewiring of Cell Cycle Progression Using Synthetic Circuits in Fission Yeast.

Cell cycle control is a central aspect of the biology of proliferating eukaryotic cells. However, progression through the cell cycle relies on a highly complex network, making it difficult to unravel the core design principles underlying the mechanisms that sustain cell proliferation and the ways in which they interact with other cellular pathways. In this context, the use of a synthetic approach to simplify the cell cycle network in unicellular genetic models such as fission yeast has opened the door to studying the biology of proliferating cells from unique perspectives.

Invertebrate Immunity, Natural Transplantation Immunity, Somatic and Germ Cell Parasitism, and Transposon Defense.

While the vertebrate immune system consists of innate and adaptive branches, invertebrates only have innate immunity. This feature makes them an ideal model system for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of innate immunity without reciprocal interferences from adaptive immunity. Although invertebrate immunity is evolutionarily older and a precursor of vertebrate immunity, it is far from simple.

Pure Epigallocatechin-3-gallate-Assisted Green Synthesis of Highly Stable Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are conventionally produced by using physical and chemical methods that are no longer in alignment with current society's demand for a low environmental impact. Accordingly, green synthesis approaches are considered a potential alternative due to the plant extracts that substitute some of the hazardous reagents. The general mechanism is based on the reducing power of natural products that allows the formation of NPs from a precursor solution.

Cristae shaping and dynamics in mitochondrial function.

Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles of key importance for cell homeostasis. The outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) envelops the organelle, and the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is folded into invaginations called cristae. As cristae composition and functions depend on the cell type and stress conditions, they recently started to be considered as a dynamic compartment.

Dissecting Ubiquitylation and DNA Damage Response Pathways in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using a Proteome-Wide Approach.

In response to genotoxic stress, cells evolved with a complex signaling network referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR). It is now well established that the DDR depends upon various posttranslational modifications; among them, ubiquitylation plays a key regulatory role. Here, we profiled ubiquitylation in response to the DNA alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using quantitative proteomics.

The Role of Human and Animal Monocytes and Macrophages in Homeostasis and Disease.

Monocytes and macrophages are the innate immune cells that are the first-line responders to invading pathogens or foreign objects[...

Why Do We Study Aquatic Organisms?

Aquatic organisms comprising various plant and animal taxa represent a wide range of adaptations to a specific environment, but they also share many features with nonaquatic organisms of a given taxonomic group.[..

MRCK activates mouse oocyte myosin II for spindle rotation and male pronucleus centration.

Asymmetric meiotic divisions in oocytes rely on spindle positioning in close vicinity to the cortex. In metaphase II mouse oocytes, eccentric spindle positioning triggers cortical polarization, including the build-up of an actin cap surrounded by a ring of activated myosin II. While the role of the actin cap in promoting polar body formation is established, ring myosin II activation mechanisms and functions have remained elusive.

Coronavirus Disease Pathophysiology: Biomarkers, Potential New Remedies, Comorbidities, Long COVID-19, Post Pandemic Epidemiological Surveillance.

The toughest challenge modern biomedical research ever faced was the rapid understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 physiopathology [...

Long-term evolution of proliferating cells using the eVOLVER platform.

Experimental evolution using fast-growing unicellular organisms is a unique strategy for deciphering the principles and mechanisms underlying evolutionary processes as well as the architecture and wiring of basic biological functions. Over the past decade, this approach has benefited from the development of powerful systems for the continuous control of the growth of independently evolving cultures. While the first devices compatible with multiplexed experimental evolution remained challenging to implement and required constant user intervention, the recently developed eVOLVER framework represents a fully automated closed-loop system for laboratory evolution assays.

Shedding light on mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization and membrane potential: State of the art methods and biosensors.

Membrane structural integrity is essential for optimal mitochondrial function. These organelles produce the energy needed for all vital processes, provided their outer and inner membranes are intact. This prevents the release of mitochondrial apoptogenic factors into the cytosol and ensures intact mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) to sustain ATP production.

Aurora kinase A/AURKA functionally interacts with the mitochondrial ATP synthase to regulate energy metabolism and cell death.

Cancer cells often hijack metabolic pathways to obtain the energy required to sustain their proliferation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer cell metabolism is key to fine-tune the metabolic preference of specific tumors, and potentially offer new therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that the pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial Complex V delays the cell cycle by arresting breast cancer cell models in the G0/G1 phase.