Neuroprotective Potential of Tanshinone-IIA in Mitigating Propionic Acidinduced Experimental Autism-like Behavioral and Neurochemical Alterations: Insights into c-JNK and p38MAPK Pathways.

Introduction: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. These factors can lead to the overactivation of c-JNK and p38MAPK.

Methods: In rats, stereotactic intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of propionic acid (PPA) results in autistic-like characteristics such as poor social interaction, repetitive behaviours, and restricted communication.

The SIRT-1/Nrf2/HO-1 axis: Guardians of neuronal health in neurological disorders.

SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase that functions through nucleoplasmic transfer and is present in nearly all mammalian tissues. SIRT1 is believed to deacetylate its protein substrates, resulting in neuroprotective actions, including reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, increased autophagy, increased nerve growth factors, and preserved neuronal integrity in aging or neurological disease. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates the genes responsible for oxidative stress response and substance detoxification.

Exploring the Neuroprotective Potential of Icariin through Modulation of Neural Pathways in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases.

Neuropathological diseases involve the death of neurons and the aggregation of proteins with altered properties in the brain. Proteins are used at the molecular level to categorize neurodegenerative disorders, emphasizing the importance of protein-processing mechanisms in their development. Natural herbal phytoconstituents, such as icariin, have addressed these neurological complications.

Magnesium (Mg): Essential Mineral for Neuronal Health: From Cellular Biochemistry to Cognitive Health and Behavior Regulation.

Magnesium (Mg) is a crucial mineral involved in numerous cellular processes critical for neuronal health and function. This review explores the multifaceted roles of Mg, from its biochemical interactions at the cellular level to its impact on cognitive health and behavioral regulation. Mg acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymatic reactions, including those involved in ATP synthesis, nucleic acid stability, and neurotransmitter release.

Hereditary Patterns and Genetic Associations in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Neuropsychiatric Insights, Genetic Influences, and Treatment Perspectives.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), a prevalent neuropsychiatric condition, affects approximately 2%-3% of the global population. This paper provides an extensive overview of OCD, detailing its clinical manifestations, neurobiological underpinnings, and therapeutic approaches. It examines OCD's classification shift in the DSM-5, the role of the cortico-striatothalamo- cortical pathway in its development, and the various factors contributing to its etiology, such as genes, environmental factors, and genetic predispositions.

Thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids as dual alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: design, synthesis, and anti-diabetic evaluation.

Twelve 3,5-disubstituted-thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD) hybrids were synthesized using solution phase chemistry. Continuing our previous work, nine -modified ethyl vanillin (8a-i) derivatives were synthesized and reacted with the TZD core Knoevenagel condensation under primary reaction conditions to obtain final derivatives 9a-i. Additionally, three isatin-TZD hybrids (11a-c) were synthesized.

Immune System Dysregulation in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Implications.

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a prevalent neurological disorder, predominantly affects young adults and is characterized by chronic autoimmune activity. The study explores the immune system dysregulation in MS, highlighting the crucial roles of immune and non-neuronal cells in the disease's progression. This review examines the dual role of cytokines, with some like IL-6, TNF-α, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) promoting inflammation and CNS tissue injury, and others such as IL-4, IL-10, IL-37, and TGF-β fostering remyelination and protecting against MS.

Enhanced antichemobrain activity of amino acid assisted ferulic acid solid dispersion in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI), also known as "chemobrain," is a common side effect of breast cancer therapy which causes oxidative stress and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ferulic acid (FA), a natural polyphenol, belongs to BCS class II is confirmed to have nootropic, neuroprotective and antioxidant effects. Here, we have developed FA solid dispersion (SD) in order to enhance its therapeutic potential against chemobrain.

Medicinal herbal remedies in neurodegenerative diseases: an update on antioxidant potential.

It has been widely documented that medicinal herbal remedies are effective, have fewer side effects than conventional medicine, and have a synergistic effect on health collaborations in the fight against complicated diseases. Traditional treatments for neurological problems in ancient times sometimes involved the use of herbal remedies and conventional methods from East Asian countries including India, Japan, China, and Korea. We collected and reviewed studies on plant-derived neuroprotective drugs and tested them in neurotoxic models.

Proton Pump Inhibitors and Cognitive Health: Review on Unraveling the Dementia Connection and Co-morbid Risks.

Dementia, an international health issue distinguished by the impairment of daily functioning due to cognitive decline, currently affects more than 55 million people worldwide, with the majority residing in low-income and middle-income countries. Globally, dementia entails significant economic burdens in 2019, amounting to a cost of 1.3 trillion US dollars.

3,5-Disubstituted-thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids as antidiabetic agents: Design, synthesis, in-vitro and In vivo evaluation.

Diabetes is one of the fastest-growing metabolic disorders, nearly doubling the number of patients each year. There are different treatment approaches available for the management of diabetes, which lacks due to their side effects. The inhibition of enzymes involved in the metabolism of complex polysaccharides to monosaccharides has proven beneficial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Icariin prevents methylmercury-induced experimental neurotoxicity: Evidence from cerebrospinal fluid, blood plasma, brain samples, and in-silico investigations.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that causes significant neurodegeneration. Methylmercury (MeHg+) is a neurotoxin that induces axonal neurodegeneration and motor nerve degeneration by destroying oligodendrocytes, degenerating white matter, inducing apoptosis, excitotoxicity, and reducing myelin basic protein (MBP). This study examines the inhibition of SIRT-1 (silence information regulator 1), Nrf-2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2), HO-1 (heme oxygenase 1), and TDP-43 (TAR-DNA-binding protein 43) accumulation in the context of ALS, as well as the modulation of these proteins by icariin (15 and 30 mg/kg, orally), a glycoside flavonoid with neuroprotective properties.

Understanding zebrafish sleep and wakefulness physiology as an experimental model for biomedical research.

Sleep is a globally observable fact, or period of reversible distracted rest, that can be distinguished from arousal by various behavioral criteria. Although the function of sleep is an evolutionarily conserved behavior, its mechanism is not yet clear. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a valuable model for neurobehavioral studies such as studying learning, memory, anxiety, and depression.

Melatonin-mediated IGF-1/GLP-1 activation in experimental OCD rats: Evidence from CSF, blood plasma, brain and in-silico investigations.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by intrusive, repetitive thoughts and behaviors. Our study uses a validated 8-OH-DPAT-induced experimental model of OCD in rodents. We focus on the modulatory effects of Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which are linked to neurodevelopment and survival.

Emerging trends and insights in acute flaccid myelitis: a comprehensive review of neurologic manifestations.

Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM) is a neurological condition in the anterior portion of the spinal cord and can be characterised as paraplegia (paralysis of the lower limbs), and cranial nerve dysfunction. These lesions are caused by the infection due to (; a member of the (EV) family belongs to the Enterovirus species within the family and a Polio-like virus. In many cases, the facial, axial, bulbar, respiratory, and extraocular muscles were affected, hence reducing the overall quality of the patient's life.

Crosstalk between phytochemicals and inflammatory signaling pathways.

Novel bioactive constituents from natural sources are actively being investigated. The phytochemicals in these phenolic compounds are believed to have a variety of beneficial effects on human health. Several phenolic compounds have been found in plants.

Role of Autophagy and Mitophagy in Neurodegenerative Disorders.

Autophagy is a self-destructive cellular process that removes essential metabolites and waste from inside the cell to maintain cellular health. Mitophagy is the process by which autophagy causes disruption inside mitochondria and the total removal of damaged or stressed mitochondria, hence enhancing cellular health. The mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, performing essential functions such as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) generation, metabolism, Ca buffering, and signal transduction.

Neuroprotective Potential of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Against 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Huntington's Like Symptoms in Adult Zebrafish.

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) causes increased reactive oxygen species production and neuroinflammation. (CA) is a strong antioxidant.

A Review on the Neuroprotective Effect of Berberine against Chemotherapy- induced Cognitive Impairment.

Chemobrain is one of the major side effects of chemotherapy; despite increased research, the mechanisms underlying chemotherapy-induced cognitive changes remain unknown. Several possibly important candidate mechanisms have been identified and will be studied further in the future. Chemobrain is characterized by memory loss, cognitive impairment, difficulty in language, concentration, acceleration, and learning.

Quercetin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in adult zebrafish.

Background: Quercetin is a natural flavonoid that is known to have numerous pharmacological activities such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects against various neurological disorders. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent endotoxin, reported causing several neurological disorders.

Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the possibility that quercetin ameliorates LPS induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in adult zebrafish.

Lipopolysaccharide induced altered signaling pathways in various neurological disorders.

Neuroinflammation is defined as an inflammatory response within the brain or spinal cord, whereas the brain's innate immune system is triggered by various inflammatory challenges such as injury, infection, exposure to toxin (LPS) and ageing, which result in cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a main structural component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, widely used systematically to stimulate the immune system and to generate profound physiological and behavioural changes. It consists of three parts: lipid A, a core oligosaccharide and an O side chain.