Outbreak of subsp. Serovar Napoli on a Dairy Cow Farm.

is diffused worldwide, and subsp. is spread worldwide with many serovars associated with the infection of domestic bovines. The most spread are .

Parasite-mediated manipulation? infection increases risk behaviour towards culling in red deer.

Parasites can modify host behaviour to increase their chances of survival and transmission. is a globally distributed protozoan whose ability to modify host behaviour is well known in taxa such as rats and humans. Less well known are the effects on the behaviour of wild species, with the exception of a few studies on primates and carnivores.

Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Different Types of Cheese Offered for Sale in Italy.

The detection of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in the milk of ruminants occurs infrequently and at low levels, but its occurrence may be higher in dairy products such as cheese. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of OTA in cheeses purchased in the metropolitan city of Bologna (Italy) and the surrounding area. For the analysis, a LC-MS/MS method with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1 µg/kg was used.

Low Serologic Prevalences Suggest Sporadic Infections of Hepatitis E Virus in Chamois () and Red Deer () in the Italian Alps.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a worldwide public health concern, with an increase in human autochthonous cases in Europe. Although domestic pigs and wild boar () are the main reservoirs of HEV, the constant expansion of wild ruminants increases the potential for HEV transmission. We investigated HEV infection in chamois () and red deer () in the Italian Alps using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

The role of transportation in the spread of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in fattening farms.

Background: Direct and indirect contact among animals and holdings are important in the spread of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of slaughterhouse vehicles in spreading B. hyodysenteriae between unconnected farms.