A bilateral fetal origin of the posterior cerebral artery coexisting with an absent A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery.

Background: The cerebral arterial circle variants are well-described due to their clinical significance for neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists.

Materials And Methods: This magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) report describes the unusual coexistence of three cerebral variants incidentally identifiedin a 44-year-old female patient.

Results: The right-sided first segment (A1) of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) was absent, and both the posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs) originated from the internal carotid arteries (ICAs).

Clinical and Radiological Outcomes at ≥10-Year Follow-up After Matrix-induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation in the Patellofemoral Joint.

Background: Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) has demonstrated encouraging outcomes in the treatment of knee cartilage defects, although limited research is available on its longer term (≥10 years) sustainability in the patellofemoral joint.

Purpose: To report the clinical and radiological outcomes at ≥10 years in a prospectively recruited cohort of patients undergoing MACI in the patellofemoral joint and compare outcomes in patients undergoing MACI on the patella versus the trochlea.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Imaging of Odontogenic Sinusitis.

Odontogenic sinusitis (ODS) has been shown to be the most common cause of unilateral maxillary sinus opacification on computed tomography scans. Review of the maxillary alveolar ridge and maxillary tooth roots, and their relationships to the maxillary sinus floor is essential when interpreting paranasal sinus imaging. In recent years, ODS has received increased attention in the recent otolaryngologic and dental literature.

Right-Sided Aortic Arch: A Computed Tomography Angiography Investigation, A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

: The right-sided aortic arch (RAA) is an uncommon variation of the aortic arch (AA), characterized by the aorta crossing over the right main bronchus. In the RAA, the descending aorta can be found on either the right or left side of the spine. The current study comprises a comprehensive retrospective computed tomography angiography (CTA) investigation into the prevalence of the RAA within the Greek population.

Recurrence in lobular carcinoma of the breast: A 14-year review.

Introduction: The two most common types of breast cancer are invasive or infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive or infiltrating lobular carcinoma (ILC) (Pestalozzi et al., J. Clin.

10-Year Prospective Clinical and Radiological Evaluation After Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation and Comparison of Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Graft Outcomes.

Background: Long-term outcomes in larger cohorts after matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) are required. Furthermore, little is known about the longer-term clinical and radiological outcomes of MACI performed in the tibiofemoral versus patellofemoral knee joint.

Purpose: To present the 10-year clinical and radiological outcomes in patients after MACI and compare outcomes in patients undergoing tibiofemoral versus patellofemoral MACI.

Development and application of a proximal hamstring MRI-based scoring tool in patients undergoing proximal hamstring tendon surgical repair.

Purpose: An MRI-based scoring tool assessing surgical repair after proximal hamstring avulsions may provide benefit in the context of research, while serial post-operative MRI will provide insight of what to expect in the clinical context of early re-injury requiring imaging. This study developed and assessed the reliability of a Proximal Hamstring Objective Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (PHOMRIS), further assessing MRI-based repair status and its correlation with patient-reported outcome.

Methods: 15 patients that underwent proximal hamstring surgical repair underwent MRI and clinical review pre-operatively and at 3-, 6- and 12-months.

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis of the brain and oral cavity: a case report.

We report a patient with a novel presentation of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive (ANCA+) vasculitis of the brain and oral mucosa. ANCA+ vasculitis of the brain is usually associated with pachymeningitis and hypophysitis, and there are no cases reported with simultaneous brain and oral mucosal involvement. A 35-year-old African Zambian man presented with headache and bleeding swollen gingiva.

Presentation of multiple painful subcutaneous nodules: Dercum's disease, a rare variant of lipoma.

A woman in her 50s presented to her general practitioner (GP) with an 8-month history of multiple painful subcutaneous nodules of various sizes in her trunk and limbs. Her previous GP made the clinical diagnosis of lipoma when they presented as non-painful nodules 2 years ago. Initial ultrasound demonstrated multiple lipomata with the largest size in the left upper thighs displaying features of subtle internal vascularity, entirely contained within the subcutaneous layer.

Improved localization of language areas using single voxel signal analysis of unprocessed fMRI data.

Activated brain regions can be visualized and localized with the use of fMRI (functional magnetic imaging). This is based on changes in the blood flow in activated regions, or more precisely on the hemodynamic response function (HRF) and the Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent (BOLD) effect. This study used a task-based fMRI examination with language paradigms in order to stimulate the language areas.

Clinical Significance of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Metachromatic Leukodystrophy.

Background: Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a lysosomal enzyme deficiency disorder leading to progressive demyelination and, consecutively, to cognitive and motor decline. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect affected white matter as T2 hyperintense areas but cannot quantify the gradual microstructural process of demyelination more accurately. Our study aimed to investigate the value of routine MR diffusion tensor imaging in assessing disease progression.

Arthroscopic Bone Graft and Internal Fixation of Non-Union of the Proximal Pole of the Scaphoid: Surgical Technique and Outcomes.

 Fractures of the proximal pole of the scaphoid have been associated with delayed union, non-union, and avascular necrosis. This has been attributed to avascularity of the proximal pole of the scaphoid. While proximal pole non-unions can be successfully treated using open techniques, there is little information in the literature regarding arthroscopic bone graft and internal fixation of proximal pole non-unions.

An Extremely Rare Cause of Isolated Congenital Anosmia.

A 14-year-old adolescent was referred to a regional paediatric outpatient clinic with anosmia by her family doctor in Western Australia. The patient has no recollection of her previous ability to smell, suggesting the possibility of congenital anosmia. She was assessed in the paediatric outpatient clinic.

A bio-inductive collagen scaffold that supports human primary tendon-derived cell growth for rotator cuff repair.

Background: Rotator Cuff (RC) tendon tearing is a common clinical problem and there is a high incidence of revision surgery due to re-tearing. In an effort to improve patient outcome and reduce surgical revision, scaffolds have been widely used for augmentation of RC repairs. However, little is known about how scaffolds support tendon stem cell growth or facilitate tendon regeneration.

Biomechanics of a previously unknown thyroid cartilage fracture in fatal strangulation.

After the death of a 63-year-old woman following pressure against the neck, the injury was assessed forensically and a radiological-preparatory examination of the osseous structure of the larynx was conducted. We used fine preparation and, for further characterization of the fracture, radiological imaging in spiral CT, 3D reconstruction and fine-focus technique (mammography). While a skeletal injury with the basal fractures of the upper horns of the thyroid cartilage was clearly visible in the CT and 3D reconstruction, the radiological visualization of a 3-4mm wide wall-penetrating dehiscence in the upper part of the thyroid cartilage commissure required a higher sensitivity.

Double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autologous hamstrings with LARS augmentation demonstrates comparable outcomes to hamstrings alone, without evidence of synovitis or early osteoarthritis.

Purpose: To compare the clinical and radiological outcomes in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with, or without, LARS augmentation.

Methods: One-hundred and thirty-six patients that underwent double-bundle ACLR with (DB Hams/LARS, n = 67), or without (DB Hams, n = 69), LARS augmentation, were assessed clinically and with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at a minimum of 7-years post-surgery. Patients were assessed via patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), KT-1000 (laxity), isokinetic knee extensor and flexor strength and a 4-hop test battery.

Inter-observer agreement and accuracy in classifying radiographs for pneumoconiosis among Asian physicians taking AIR Pneumo certification examination.

This study examined inter-observer agreement and diagnostic accuracy in classifying radiographs for pneumoconiosis among Asian physicians taking the AIR Pneumo examination. We compared agreement and diagnostic accuracy for parenchymal and pleural lesions across residing countries, specialty training, and work experience using data on 93 physicians. Physicians demonstrated fair to good agreement with kappa values 0.

Imaging of Trigeminal Neuralgia and Other Facial Pain.

We review and illustrate the radiology of facial pain, emphasizing trigeminal neuralgia, relevant anatomy, current classification, concepts about etiology, and the role of imaging and its influence on the choice of treatment. We discuss glossopharyngeal neuralgia, other neuropathic causes of facial pain, postinflammatory and neoplastic causes, and nociceptive (end-organ) causes of facial pain, as well as referred otalgia. Other conditions that may present with facial pain, including trigeminal autonomic cephalgias and giant cell arteritis, are reviewed briefly.

CT Assessment of Intraorbital Cable Movement of Electronic Subretinal Prosthesis in Three Different Surgical Approaches.

Purpose: Electronic retinal implants restore some visual perception in patients blind from retinitis pigmentosa. Eye movements cause mechanical stress in intraorbital power supply cables leading to cable breaks. By using computer tomography (CT) scans at the extreme positions of the four cardinal gaze directions, this study determined in vivo, which of three surgical routing techniques results in minimal bending radius variation and favors durability.

Natural history of florid osseous dysplasia of the jaws with important clinical implications.

Osseous dysplasia (OD) is the most common fibro-osseous lesion of the jaws. A number of cases of florid osseous dysplasia (FOD) have been described; however, to our knowledge none have shown radiographic disease progression for a single case involving multiple regions of the jaws over an extended period of time. This report presents the 18-year history and radiographic disease progression of a patient diagnosed with FOD demonstrating progression from the osteolytic phase through the osteoblastic phase and to maturation phase at different intervals.

Three-phase four-dimensional computed tomography as a first-line investigation in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Introduction: Parathyroid computed tomography using multiple phases (four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) for parathyroid localization was first described in 2006. Since its inception, there has been variable uptake of this technique due to inconsistency of results between institutions and perceived higher radiation dose than technetium-99 sestamibi scans (MIBI). 4DCT has been the primary imaging modality for parathyroid localization at our institution since 2013.