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Multiplicity of type 6 secretion system toxins limits the evolution of resistance.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
January 2025
Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom.
The bacterial type 6 secretion system (T6SS) is a toxin-injecting nanoweapon that mediates competition in plant- and animal-associated microbial communities. Bacteria can evolve de novo resistance against T6SS attacks, but resistance is far from universal in natural communities, suggesting key features of T6SS weaponry may act to limit its evolution. Here, we combine ecoevolutionary modeling and experimental evolution to examine how toxin type and multiplicity in attackers shape resistance evolution in susceptible competitors.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChemical, biological and nerve gas attacks: need for education among healthcare personnel and medical students; a Swedish regional cross-sectional web-survey.
BMC Med Educ
January 2025
Centre for Disaster Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Background: Chemical, biological and nerve gas events have a significant impact on public health, necessitating proper education and training. This study investigated the educational needs as perceived by two groups, frontline healthcare workers and medical students, in relation to chemical, biological, and nerve gas events.
Methods: Three distinct web-based cross-sectional surveys were conducted, one each for chemical, biological, and nerve gas events, with each survey following the same structural format including sections on (a) theoretical knowledge assessment, using multiple-choice questions regarding identification, protection, and treatment, (b) perception of threat, using questions based on a 5-point Likert scale to gauge views on threat/preparedness and (c) perception of existing competency, with questions regarding prior education and the need for additional education and training.
Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for the quantification of oximes in KIKO mouse plasma.
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci
January 2025
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. Electronic address:
Chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) are potent and irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Oxime reactivators are an important part of the standard treatment for CWNA exposure as they can reactivate inhibited AChE. Evaluating the oxime candidates of interest in biological samples requires analytical detection methods and oxime reactivators as a class of compounds have historically been notoriously difficult to isolate, detect and analyze in an analytical laboratory, and there are currently no sensitive or robust analytical detection methods in the literature.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInvasive Plants' Root Extracts Display Stronger Allelopathic Activity on the Germination and Seedling Growth of a New Zealand Native Species than Extracts of Another Native Plant or Conspecifics.
J Chem Ecol
December 2024
School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.
The release of allelochemicals is one of the contributing factors to the success of invasive plants in their non-native ranges. It has been hypothesised that the impact of chemicals released by a plant on its neighbours is shaped by shared coevolutionary history, making natives more susceptible to "new" chemicals released by introduced plant species (novel weapons hypothesis). We explored this hypothesis in a New Zealand system where the two invasive plants of European origin, Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) and Calluna vulgaris (heather) cooccur with natives like Chionochloa rubra (red tussock) and Leptospermum scoparium (mānuka).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHealth assessment of sulfur mustard-chemical veterans with various respiratory diseases: The result of a comparative analysis of biological health scores (BHS) through 50 biomarkers.
Int Immunopharmacol
January 2025
Health Equity Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address:
Background: Mustard gas as a chemical weapon has been used in wars and its long-term side effects are substantial in the human body. This study aimed to apply an extension of allostatic load, known as biological health score (BHS), including the wear-and-tear of four physiological systems (endocrine, inflammatory, cardiovascular, and metabolic systems) to estimate biological health caused by sulfur mustard (SM) toxicity.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, serum samples were collected from two distinct groups of male individuals including 1) 236 individuals who had been exposed to SM gas during the Iraq-Iran war in 1987.
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