The objectives of this study were to evaluate the endometrial histology and cervical cytology of users of two contraceptive implants releasing etonogestrel/3-keto-desogestrel (Implanon) and levonorgestrel (Norplant) in West Midlands (UK) users. A 2-year prospective randomized design was used to study 60 implant users. Endometrial histology and cervical cytology were compared before insertion and after 12 and 24 months. At the end of 12 months, the majority of samples were inactive/weakly proliferative in both groups. At the end of 24 months, this remained unchanged in the Implanon group whereas the pattern was more diverse in the Norplant group. Endometrial thickness was significantly reduced in both groups during treatment. Cervical cytology remained unchanged. It is concluded that, after 2 years, there was no evidence of an increasing risk of endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial carcinoma, cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia or cervical carcinoma in either of the two groups of implant users.
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