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Overcrowding in prisons: Health and legal implications.
Torture
January 2025
Medical Director, DIGNITY. Correspondence to:
Introduction: Prison overcrowding can be defined in different ways, and no universal definition exists. More than 120 countries report prison occupancy rates above their own capacity. This paper provides an overview of legal and health implications of overcrowding, analyses potential causes, and provides examples of how different countries utilised non-custodial measures to reduce overcrowding to disseminate good practices as inspiration for other contexts.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDioxins and their impact: a review of toxicity, persistence, and novel remediation strategies.
Anal Methods
January 2025
Air Resource, Environmental Resource Planning and Management, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India.
Dioxins rank among the most hazardous persistent organic pollutants, presenting a serious threat due to their long environmental lifespan and capacity for bioaccumulation. This comprehensive review delves into the historical, chemical, and toxicological aspects of dioxins, spotlighting significant incidents such as the Seveso disaster and the repercussions of Agent Orange. The review offers a thorough analysis of the sources of dioxin formation, encompassing natural occurrences like volcanic eruptions and wildfires, alongside man-made activities such as industrial combustion and waste incineration.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDeveloping a global education hub for animal-free innovation.
ALTEX
January 2025
Universitat de Barcelona, Dept Biochemistry and Physiology, Barcelona, Spain.
Update on the evolving landscape of pneumococcal capsule types: new discoveries and way forward.
Clin Microbiol Rev
January 2025
Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Allergy/Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
SUMMARY (the "pneumococcus") is a significant human pathogen. The key determinant of pneumococcal fitness and virulence is its ability to produce a protective polysaccharide (PS) capsule, and anti-capsule antibodies mediate serotype-specific opsonophagocytic killing of bacteria. Notably, immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has effectively reduced the burden of disease caused by serotypes included in vaccines but has also spurred a relative upsurge in the prevalence of non-vaccine serotypes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCandida auris is an emerging, multidrug-resistant fungus that poses a threat in health care settings because of its persistence on surfaces and ability to cause severe infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. First identified in Japan in 2009, C auris has since spread globally, leading to numerous outbreaks. Its unique virulence factors, such as biofilm formation and immune evasion, contribute to its resilience and resistance to eradication.
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