Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6, CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 in the South-Amerindian population of Chile.

Polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 genes show pronounced interethnic variation and have not been previously studied in the South-Amerindian population, which probably has an Asian origin. Therefore, a similar distribution of allelic and haplotype frequencies of cytochrome P450 genes to Asian populations might be expected in South-Amerindians. We analysed the allelic frequencies and haplotype distribution for CYP2D6, CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 genes in the South-Amerindian population of Chile (Mapuche, n = 84) by Southern blot or polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Similar allelic frequencies and haplotype distribution for the CYP2E1 gene between Mapuches and Asian populations were observed. Frequencies of the two major functional CYP2D6*1 and CYP2D6*2 alleles and the CYP2D6*5 null allele were similar to most populations world-wide. The alleles CYP2D6*3 and *9, absent in Asians, were not found in Mapuches. The CYP2D6*4 allelic group, uncommon in Asian populations, had a low frequency in Mapuches (0.036). However, the CYP2D6*10 allele (Ch1, Ch2 and J), highly frequent in Asians (0.33-0.50), had a very low frequency (0.018) in our study population. In addition, the presence of the common Chinese 44 kb XbaI fragment of CYP2D6 (0.19-0.31 in Asians) was not detected in South-Amerindians. Interestingly, high frequencies for the rare m2 and Val alleles of the CYP1A1 gene were found in Mapuches (0.821 and 0.91, respectively), and the rare Val/m2 haplotype was significantly higher in Mapuches (0.748) than in Asians (0.24) (P < 0.01). The frequency of this haplotype in Mapuches is the highest frequency reported to date. The population studied was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for these polymorphisms. The major differences between Mapuches and Asians were for CYP2D6*10 and CYP1A1 allelic frequencies, as well as the absence of the common Chinese 44 kb XbaI fragment of CYP2D6. These differences might be interpreted as a consequence of genetic drifts caused by a founder effect in the settlement of South-Amerindians, or genetic selection caused by dietary or environmental factors.