Chronic cannulation and fistulization procedures in swine: a review and recommendations.

Swine are important animal models in biomedical research. Some experimental procedures may require chronic access to blood vessels, organs, and structures. Chronic access procedures may be utilized for collection of blood and body fluids as well as for the infusion of test substances. This manuscript reviews methodologies that have been reported to be effective for these procedures. It also makes recommendations on the maintenance of indwelling catheters, cannulas, and fistulas.