The effect of tRNA distribution in the cell on the rate of specific protein synthesis has been investigated. A tRNA-dependent cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from Krebs-II ascites cells has been worked out. In this system it is possible to synthesize specific proteins (egg-white proteins or globin) by the translation of oviduct or reticulocyte messenger RNA in the presence of tRNA from homologous or heterologous tissues. The rate of translation of a give messenger RNA is optimal in the presence of tRNA from the homologous tissue. The lower level of protein synthesis obtained with an excess of heterologous tRNA can be overcome by adding the homologous tRNA. Nevertheless homologous isoaccepting species partly purified by a reversed-phase chromatography or a benzoylated DEAE-cellulose column cannot fully restore the optimal synthesis, eliminating the hypothesis according to which a particular tRNA species is involved in this phenomenon. The correct distribution of tRNA is necessary for optimal translation of a messenger RNA.
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