Vitamin D3 derivative 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D3) exerts various biological effects in cells that possess vitamin D3 receptor (VDR), including enhancement of cell differentiation and inhibition of cell proliferation. These activities of 1,25(OH)2D3 might be responsible for its anti-neoplastic effects, as shown in various experimental systems. The aim of this study was to compare the anti-angiogenic activity of 1,25(OH)2D3, retinoids, and interleukin-12 (IL-12) in an experimental tumor cell-induced angiogenesis assay in mice. Tumor cell-induced angiogenesis assay was performed in x-ray immunosuppressed BALB/c mice by intradermal injections of human tumor cell lines of different origin. The injections resulted within 3 d in a local formation of new blood vessels, and the intensity of angiogenesis correlated with the number of injected cells. Systemic treatment of the mouse recipients with 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly decreased angiogenesis, comparable to the effect of retinoids (all-trans retinoic acid [RA], 9-cis RA and 13-cis RA) and of IL-12. In vitro preincubation of the cells with all compounds (except IL-12) led to the inhibition of their angiogenic capability in vivo. Moreover, combination of 1,25(OH)2D3 and retinoids resulted in a synergistic inhibition of angiogenesis. The results strongly suggest that anti-angiogenic compounds with relatively low toxicity (e.g., 1,25(OH)2D3, retinoids, and IL-12) and their combinations could be beneficial in the treatment of some angiogenesis-associated malignancies.
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