Lymphoceles after laparoscopic pelvic node dissection.

Objective: Lymphocele formation has been infrequently reported as a complication of laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLND). We determined the incidence of clinical and subclinical lymphocele formation in patients undergoing transperitoneal LPLND.

Methods: Charts and radiological records of 111 patients undergoing transperitoneal LPLND at this institution between January 1991 and December 1995 were reviewed to determine the incidence of lymphocele formation.

Results: Of 111 patients undergoing LPLND, 12.6% had positive lymph nodes and received hormonal therapy. Radical retropubic (12) or perineal (28) prostatectomy was performed either simultaneously or within 2 weeks in 41% of the node-negative patients. Radiation therapy was the treatment modality in the remaining node negative patients (N = 57). Twenty-three patients undergoing radiation therapy had preplanning pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans 2 to 16 weeks (mean 8.2 weeks) after LPLND. These were reviewed by a single radiologist to determine the presence of subclinical lymphoceles. Seven patients (30.4%) had lymphoceles of varying sizes (3 large and 4 small). Although most were identified on CT scans 4 weeks after the procedure, two were identified on scans 12 and 16 weeks after the procedure (mean 6.5 weeks). None of these patients developed symptoms referable to or had treatment for the lymphocele during a 2 to 37 month follow-up (mean 20 months). Only two patients (3.5%) undergoing LPLND as an isolated procedure had clinical evidence of lymphocele formation, both of which were subsequently confirmed with CT scans (1 large, 1 small). One was treated with CT-guided drainage and sclerosis and the other resolved spontaneously.

Conclusion: The clinical incidence of lymphocele formation following LPLND remains relatively low. Only a portion of these patients requires intervention. Subclinical lymphoceles, as detected on follow-up CT scans, occur with a much greater frequency. These seldom become symptomatic requiring treatment. Rather, they appear to resolve spontaneously. Nevertheless, clinical suspicion should remain high in order to detect and properly treat symptomatic lymphoceles when they occur.