New adjuvant formulations contain a vehicle, which carries antigens to antigen-presenting cells. Examples of vehicles are liposomes, immune-stimulating complexes and microfluidized squalene-in-water emulsions. Adjuvant formulations may contain immunomodulators, which augment cytokine production, such as a synthetic muramyl dipeptide analog or monophosphoryl lipid A. In a primary cascade of cytokine production at the site of antigen + adjuvant injection, TNF-alpha promotes the migration of dendritic cells (DC) to lymphoid tissues while GM-CSF accelerates the differentiation of DC into efficient presenters of antigens to T cells. Adjuvants also up-regulate a secondary cascade of cytokines in lymphoid tissues responding to antigenic stimulation: IL-12 augments the production of IFN-gamma, which favors the production of antibodies of protective isotypes (IgG2a in the mouse). Thus adjuvants can regulate immune responses qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Adjuvant formulations can also activate complement, generating C3d, which binds CD21 on follicular dendritic cells (FDC) and B cells. FDC targeting favors the generation of B lymphocyte memory, which is important for vaccination.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
|---|
Publication Analysis
Top Keywords
Similar Publications
CT-based machine learning radiomics predicts Ki-67 expression level and its relationship with overall survival in resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Abdom Radiol (NY)
January 2025
Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Huadong Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Background: The prognostic prediction of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains challenging. This study aimed to develop a radiomics model to predict Ki-67 expression status in PDAC patients using radiomics features from dual-phase enhanced CT, and integrated clinical characteristics to create a radiomics-clinical nomogram for prognostic prediction.
Methods: In this retrospective study, data were collected from 124 PDAC patients treated surgically at a single center, from January 2017 to March 2023.
Pesticidal plant extract effect against major lepidopteran insect pests and their natural enemies in rice L.
Front Insect Sci
January 2025
Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station, Sambalpur, Odisha, India.
Extracts of plants have been used to manage various insect pests, but little information is available about how effective they are in reducing crop damage or how they affect crop yield and beneficial insects in rice. Extracts from leaves, leaves, leaves, leaves, cloves, and fruits, known to have insecticidal properties, were compared with two checks, viz., Azadirachtin 1% EC and standard insecticide Acephate 95 SG, for their efficacy against yellow stem borer (YSB), (Walk.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNanoparticles as Delivery Vehicles for Vaccines: The Use of Gold Nanoparticles.
Curr Pharm Biotechnol
January 2025
School of Public Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
Since their inception, therapeutic or prophylactic vaccines have emerged as promising candidates for the prevention or treatment of infections and various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders. In recent times, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have acquired active roles in the field of vaccine development due to their intrinsic capacity to adjust and enhance the immune response. Due to their characteristics, GNPs can exert optimal effects as both delivery vehicles and adjuvants.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTargeting p38 MAPK signaling pathway and neutrophil extracellular traps: An important anti-inflammatory mechanism of Huangqin Qingre Chubi Capsule in rheumatoid arthritis.
Int Immunopharmacol
January 2025
Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common chronic autoimmune disease. Neutrophils release and their extracellular traps (NETs) tend to result in synovial inflammation and cartilage damage. Huangqin Qingre Chubi Capsule (HQC) is an important herbal formulation for RA treatment and has been used for many years.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFComparative evaluation of protective efficacy of experimental inactivated vaccines against haemorrhagic septicaemia.
Braz J Microbiol
January 2025
ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, 560 024, Karnataka, India.
Developing an effective vaccine for haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) in cattle and buffaloes is urgently needed. While preferred for their safety, achieving sufficient, cross-protective, and long-lasting immunity is still challenging when administering inactivated vaccines. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of four inactivating components comprising three inactivating agents: (1) Binary ethylenimine (BEI), (2) Formalin, (3) a combination of BEI and Formalin, and (4) Hydrogen peroxide (HO), in inactivating Pasteurella multocida to enhance HS vaccine potency.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWant AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!