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Identification of the subventricular tegmental nucleus as brainstem reward center.
Science
January 2025
Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
Rewards are essential for motivation, decision-making, memory, and mental health. We identified the subventricular tegmental nucleus (SVTg) as a brainstem reward center. In mice, reward and its prediction activate the SVTg, and SVTg stimulation leads to place preference, reduced anxiety, and accumbal dopamine release.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBasal ganglia components have distinct computational roles in decision-making dynamics under conflict and uncertainty.
PLoS Biol
January 2025
Carney Institute for Brain Science, Department of Cognitive & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America.
The basal ganglia (BG) play a key role in decision-making, preventing impulsive actions in some contexts while facilitating fast adaptations in others. The specific contributions of different BG structures to this nuanced behavior remain unclear, particularly under varying situations of noisy and conflicting information that necessitate ongoing adjustments in the balance between speed and accuracy. Theoretical accounts suggest that dynamic regulation of the amount of evidence required to commit to a decision (a dynamic "decision boundary") may be necessary to meet these competing demands.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPostural instability and gait disturbance are associated with abnormal stereopsis in Parkinson's disease.
PLoS One
January 2025
Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Background: Visual dysfunction, including abnormal stereopsis, is a significant non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) that can reduce quality of life and appears early in the disease. Abnormal stereopsis is associated with worsening of bradykinesia and freezing of gait, though the exact pathways linking stereopsis to motor symptoms remain unclear. Furthermore, in PD patients, the pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental complex play an active role in sensorimotor control, and these areas provide cholinergic projections.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPharmacology of Intestinal Inflammation and Repair.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol
January 2025
Institute of Digestive Health Research (IRSD), Toulouse University, INSERM 1022, INRAe, ENVT, University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France;
Chronic inflammation is a common trait in the pathogenesis of several diseases of the gut, including inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease. Control of the inflammatory response is crucial in these pathologies to avoid tissue destruction and loss of intestinal function. Over the last 50 years, the identification of the mechanisms and mediators involved in the acute phase of the inflammatory response, which is characterized by massive leukocyte recruitment, has led to a number of therapeutic options.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFToluene Toxicity in the Brain: From Cellular Targets to Molecular Mechanisms.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol
January 2025
Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; email:
Toluene intoxication constitutes a persistent public health problem worldwide. While most organs can be damaged, the brain is a primary target whether exposure is accidental, occupational, or recreational. Interventions to prevent/revert brain damage by toluene are curtailed by the scarce information on the molecular targets and mechanisms mediating toluene's brain toxicity and the common exposure to other neurotoxins and/or coexistence of neurological/psychiatric disorders.
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