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Human motivation is organized hierarchically, from proximal (means) to ultimate (ends).

Behav Brain Sci

January 2025

Département d'études cognitives, Institut Jean Nicod, Ecole normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS, Paris,

Murayama and Jach raise a key problem in behavioral sciences, to which we suggest evolutionary science can provide a solution. We emphasize the role of adaptive mechanisms in shaping behavior and argue for the integration of hierarchical theories of goal-directed cognition and behavioral flexibility, in order to unravel the motivations behind actions that, in themselves, seem disconnected from adaptive goals.

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Polarization-Sensitive Solar-Blind Ultraviolet Photodetectors Based on Semipolar (112̅2) AlGaN Film.

ACS Appl Mater Interfaces

January 2025

Research and Development Center for Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.

Wide bandgap semiconductor AlGaN alloys have been identified as key materials to fabricate solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors (SBUV PDs). Herein, a self-driven SBUV polarization-sensitive PD (PSPD) based on semipolar (112̅2)-oriented AlGaN films is reported. Using the flow-rate modulation epitaxy method, the full widths at half maximum (FWHMs) for the obtained (112̅2) AlGaN along [112̅3̅] and [11̅00] rocking curves are 0.

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Expectancy value theory's contribution to unpacking the black box of motivation.

Behav Brain Sci

January 2025

Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD,

Although in basic agreement with Murayama and Jach's call for greater attention to the black boxes underlying motivated behavior, we provide examples of our published suggestions regarding how subjective task value (and ability self-concepts) "gets into people's knowledge structures." We suggest additional mental computational processes to investigate and call for a developmental and situated individual differences approach to this work.

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Murayama and Jach argue that it is not clearly specified how motivation constructs produce behavior and that this black box should be unpacked. We argue that the authors overlook important classic theory and highlight recent research programs that already started unboxing. We feel that without relying on the mechanisms that such programs uncover, the proposed computational approach will be fruitless.

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Mercury(II) is highly toxic thus the selective and sensitive detection of Hg(II) is important. This research article deals with the synthesis and characterization of the fluorogenic system based on diselenide containing rhodamine by single crystal XRD. The probe has been used for selective detection of Hg(II) in aqueous media with detection limit of 62.

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