Cortisol increases transfection efficiency of cells.

DNA uptake can be facilitated by addition of physiological amounts of 11beta-hydroxy glucocorticosteroids (such as cortisol) during transfection. In the presence of cortisol, but not of the inactive 11-keto glucocorticoid cortisone, twice as many cells uptake and express the reporter gene. The effect is specific and dose-dependent; the amounts of glucocorticosteroids needed to enhance transfection efficiency are in the nanomolar range, which corresponds to the dissociation constant of glucocorticoids for the glucocorticoid receptor in vitro. This effect can be abolished by an excess of the glucocorticoid antagonist RU486. We infer that the activated cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors enhance nuclear translocation of the incoming transfected DNA.