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Production of monoclonal antibodies against botulinum neurotoxin in .
Hum Vaccin Immunother
December 2024
Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Botulism is a fatal neurologic disease caused by the botulinum toxin (BoNT) produced by . It is a rare but highly toxic disease with symptoms, such as cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, respiratory failure, muscle weakness, and even death. Currently, two types of antitoxin are used: equine-derived heptavalent antitoxin and human-derived immunoglobulin (BabyBIG®).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEquine grass sickness is associated with major abnormalities in the ultrastructure of skeletal neuromuscular junctions.
Equine Vet J
January 2025
Medical Toxicology Centre and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Background: Equine grass sickness (EGS) is a frequently fatal multisystem neuropathy of equids. The aetiology is unknown; proposed causes include toxicoinfection with Clostridium botulinum and a mycotoxicosis. The effect of EGS on the organisation and structural integrity of the skeletal neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the target of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), is unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFStandardization of the Japanese National Standard, Equine Botulinum Antitoxin Type A, and Factors Affecting Standardization.
Jpn J Infect Dis
January 2024
Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan.
Equine botulinum antitoxin is one of the most popular countermeasures for human botulism. The unitage of the antitoxin product is defined according to national minimum requirement or pharmacopoeia in each country by referring to national standard antitoxins for four types (A, B, E, and F). With the expected depletion of the national standard antitoxins, replacement national standard antitoxins are produced and standardized through collaboration of the National Control Laboratory and other participants, including manufacturer(s).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInfant Botulism.
J Educ Teach Emerg Med
July 2023
Vituity Healthcare and Medical Staffing Services, Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Roseville, CA.
Article Synopsis
- - The text discusses infant botulism, a rare but serious pediatric emergency caused by the ingestion of botulinum spores, leading to flaccid paralysis due to the neurotoxin produced in the intestines.
- - Historically, infant botulism had a 90% mortality rate before antitoxins were developed, with the bulbar muscles impacted first, resulting in "descending paralysis."
- - Effective treatment involves immediate supportive care and the administration of a human-derived antitoxin for infants under 12 months, while timely recognition and collaboration with health agencies are crucial for patient recovery.
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