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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-693x(97)87254-5 | DOI Listing |
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol
April 2012
Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Lille, France.
Congenital upper limb malformations represent complex pathologies because of their varied clinical presentations, imaging features, and etiologies. They can be divided into (1) failure of formation with transverse, intercalary, and longitudinal (preaxial, postaxial, and mesoaxial) deficiencies, (2) failure of differentiation with synostoses, carpal coalitions, syndactylies, and symphalangism, (3) duplication with ulnar dimelia and polydactylies, and (4) brachydactylies. Congenital Madelung's deformity, clinodactyly, camptodactyly, and Kirner's deformity are usually included in these malformations.
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