Severe chronic constipation is a common problem in children. Most patients have functional constipation, only few (approximately 5%) have an underlying organic disease who requires surgical treatment. Anatomic problems with a painful defecation (anal rhagades, fistulas, hemorrhoids) or with difficult defecation (anal stenosis, tumor) require only a careful physical examination. Other organic problems due to neurogenic and myogenic colonic abnormalities require extensive investigations, including histological and histochemical study, for diagnosis. Ultrashort Hirschprung's disease, neuronal intestinal dysplasia type B and hypoganglionosis represent different levels of a developmental problem of the enteric nervous system. Surgical treatment is recommended in these cases. After surgery is recommended a long period of medical treatment to avoid a functional constipation.
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