Gender differences in risk factors for mood and anxiety disorders: implications for clinical treatment research.

This article discusses the utility and treatment implications of a focus on gender-related variables in the study of the mood and anxiety disorders. Three clinical areas are considered: (1) Mood and anxiety disorders during female reproductive transitions; (2) gender differences in pathogenesis and pathopsysiology; and (3) gender differences in clinical phenomenology and course. Gender analysis is viewed as useful in specifying variability in treatment response, especially in regard to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, the postpartum period, and menopause; and in defining clinical covariates modifying treatment course. A psychobiological approach to mood and anxiety disorders is seen as critical in this regard.