The relative immunogenicity of tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC) has been determined in three different strains of inbred mice when expressed in Lactococcus lactis as a membrane-anchored protein (strain UCP1054), as an intracellular protein (strain UCP1050), or as a secreted protein which is partly retained within the cell wall (strain UCP1052). Protection against toxin challenge (20 x LD50) could be obtained without the induction of anti-lactococcal antibodies. When compared in terms of the dose of expressed tetanus toxin fragment C required to elicit protection against lethal challenge the membrane-anchored form was significantly (10-20 fold) more immunogenic than the alternative forms of the protein.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00284.x | DOI Listing |
Cureus
December 2024
Internal Medicine, Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai, IND.
Tetanus is a severe neurological condition triggered by the toxin of , resulting in extreme muscle stiffness and spasms. Although vaccination can prevent it, without treatment, tetanus carries a high risk of death due to respiratory failure and autonomic disturbances. This case report describes a 24-year-old Indian male who developed tetanus after branding (a traditional procedure for jaundice in rural India) on his wrist.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPflugers Arch
January 2025
Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, 420111, RT, Russia.
Many synaptic vesicles undergo exocytosis in motor nerve terminals during neuromuscular communication. Endocytosis then recovers the synaptic vesicle pool and presynaptic membrane area. The kinetics of endocytosis may shape neuromuscular transmission, determining its long-term reliability.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCureus
December 2024
Intensive Care Unit, Unidade Local de Saúde da Região de Aveiro, Aveiro, PRT.
Tetanus is a disease of the nervous system caused by a toxin produced by , an anaerobe found in high concentrations in the soil. The occurrence of tetanus is related to contaminated traumatic wounds, and most patients have had some failure in their immunization. However, there are rare case reports of generalized tetanus in patients with proper vaccination schemes who failed to receive appropriate prophylaxis after high-risk exposure.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMicroorganisms
December 2024
Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
Tetanus neurotoxins (TeNT) and botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are closely related ~150 kDa protein toxins that together comprise the group of clostridial neurotoxins (CNTs) expressed by various species of . While TeNT is expressed as a single polypeptide, BoNTs are always produced alongside multiple non-toxic proteins that form a stabilizing complex with BoNT and are encoded in a conserved toxin gene cluster. It is unknown how evolved without a similar gene cluster and why complex-free TeNT is secreted as a stable and soluble protein by , whereas complexing proteins appear to be essential for BoNT stability in culture supernatants of .
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiomedicines
December 2024
National Institute of Public Health NIH-National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
The discovery of microbial toxins as the primary factors responsible for disease manifestations and the discovery that these toxins could be neutralised by antitoxins are linked to the birth of immunology. In the late 19th century, the serum or plasma of animals or patients who had recovered from infectious diseases or who had been immunised with a relevant antigen began to be used to treat or prevent infections. Before the advent of widespread vaccination campaigns, antitoxins played a key role in the treatment and prevention of diseases such as diphtheria and tetanus.
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