4S-(-)-limonene is the major monoterpene accumulated by the liverwort Ricciocarpos natans, and a cell-free extract from this nonvascular plant cultured in vitro catalyzes the cyclization of geranyl diphosphate to limonene. The time course of limonene synthase activity parallels cultured growth but shows a maximum in specific activity in the lag phase following transfer to fresh medium. The operationally soluble enzyme was partially purified by combination of anion-exchange and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The limonene synthase from R. natans possesses a molecular weight of about 51,000, exhibits a pH optimum at 6.5, a pI at 5.3, and a requirement for either Mg2+ or Mn2+ as cofactor, and appears to employ 3S-linalyl disphosphate as a bound intermediate in the cyclization of the geranyl substrate (Km approximately 1.25 microM). In stereochemistry of the coupled isomerization-cyclization reaction and in general properties, the limonene synthase from this bryophyte resembles the corresponding monoterpene cyclases from gymnosperm and angiosperm species.
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